高二英语专题复习阅读技巧一猜测词义二抓住主题思想三进行推理和判断

高二英语专题复习阅读技巧一猜测词义二抓住主题思想三进行推理和判断四确定作者的观点和态度

阅读中的生词问题 1. 生词生词 2. 熟词生用 3. 一词多义语境 context 线 clues 索

所谓猜测词义, 是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、难词、关键词的词义, 它是一种非常有用的阅读技巧, 获得这种技巧之后, 读者在阅读过程中能很快通过上下文提供的线索或生词本身的结构特点推断出词义来, 从而提高阅读速度和阅读能力. § According to the author the word ". . . "means _____. § By word ". . . " the author means _____. § Which of the following is nearest/ closest in meaning to ". . . " ?

TIPS § Words, like people, are frequently known by the company they keep. A word’s context or surroundings, can provide clues to meaning.

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 1．The people who survived the earthquake cried bitterly over the bodies of their relatives．幸存 2．The pupils assembled in front of the school ha ．They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting．聚集

1. 解释性线索语境线索 2. 同义词线索　 3. 反义词线索　 4. 例证性线索 5. 修饰语线索 6. 标点符号线索

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Pantomime refers to a short play in 哑剧 which no words are spoken. 1. 解释性线索（to be defined as , to be called, that is to be, to refer to , in another word, in other words , that is to say）

1). Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 人类学 2). The powerful poison was imperceptible when mixed in liquid; that is , it could not be tasted, seen, or smelled. 感觉不到的 3). Desert can be defined as a large area of land where there is not enough rain and vegetation to support human life. 沙漠

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious 多话的 2. 同义词线索 (or , like, similarly，also ) Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 有害的

1. Like her younger sister who is gregarious, Alice also likes to make friends. 社交的 2. At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank. 资金 3. In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. 灌溉

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Some people like to walk quickly home, but I prefer to stroll home and look at the store windows along the way 漫步 3. 反义词线索 (yet, but , unlike, however, while , not…but, instead, on the contrary, in contrast, rather than)

1. Unlike the United States, where many different nationalities make up the population, Japan’s population is quite homogeneous. 同类的 2. Written language tends to be static, while spoken language constantly changes. 静止不变的

Mr. Wang is a gentleman who is always punctual for all his classes, but he arrived over 10 minutes late yesterday morning. （punctual 与 over 10 minutes late 形成鲜明的对比。“守时的”）

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 Many United Nations employees are polyglots; Mr Simoson, for example , speaks five languages fluently. 4. 例证性线索通晓多种语言的人 (for example, for instance, such as, like etc. ) Cars must have certain safety devices such as 设备 seat belt, headlights, and good brakes.

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 He was a prestidigitator who entertained the children by pulling rabbits out of hats, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks. 变戏法的人 5. 修饰性线索(词，短语，从句）

1). He began to shave his whiskers, which had grown thick on both cheeks. 胡须 2). He takes a special interest in botany which concerns the study of plants. 植物学

善用语境线索，猜测生词意思 6, 标点符号线索: 括号、破折号在句中常引出注释性词语，通过这些解释和注释，我们可以推断出词的含义。 1). One of the major features of English 一词多 vocabulary is polysemy—many meanings. 义的 2). The major fault in your composition is redundancy, using more words than necessary to express your idea. 不简练的

（一）利用比喻关系 The hot-air balloon took off. It was buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water. (buoyant 为adj. 把热气球升在空中比作玫瑰花瓣在水中“漂浮的”）（二）利用因果关系 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile; because she was using the wrong key. (分号前为“果”，后为“因”。因为用错了钥匙，所以“开门”的一切尝试都失败了。“无效的，徒劳

（三）利用生活常识 In old days, when girls from rich families were married, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. ( 根据常识，在旧社会，有钱人家的姑娘出嫁当然要带很多“嫁妆”）

（四）利用构词法知识 § § 英语中的构词法主要有三种：（Derivation）派生（Conversion）转化（Compounding）合成

-To select the definition of italicized word or phrase 1. Don’t listen to his nonsense. A. foolish talk; meaningless words B. beautiful words C. clever talk; meaningful words 2. He misunderstood me. A. understood wrongly B. understood rightly C. understand truly

3. He lived a hard life in pre-liberation days. A. before liberation B. after liberation C. since liberation 4. The first thing Jim did when he got off the train was to look for a porter. A. one who sells tickets B. taxi C. one who carries luggage(行李）

Exercise 1 --To tick off the correct choice from A, B, and C. 1. Charles asked the bank for a small loan so that he could repair his house. A. sum of money B. load C. tool 2. One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing. A. very tall B. very poor C. very rich

3. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water. A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry 4. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway. A. direct B. indirect C. straight 5. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. A. small B. large C. dull

阅读技能如何提高阅读能力

第二专题抓住主题思想 § 主题思想是作者在文章中要表达的核心内容，也是作者始终要说明的问题。段落的中心思想常由主题句来表达。

TIPS § As a rule, reading work should begin with a general or global understanding of the text, and then move to smaller units such as paragraphs, sentences and words.

How to find the main idea of a passage § Sometimes the first sentence of a passage is the topic(key) sentence § Sometimes the last sentence is the topic (key) sentence § Sometimes the topic(key) sentence is in the middle of a passage § Sometimes you have to put several key sentences together to get the main idea § Sometimes you can’t find the topic(key) sentence in the passage. You have to sum it up yourself.

1．Main Idea类型：选项形式为陈述句。 § 典型问题形式： § 　　What is the main idea／point of this passage？ § 　　The main idea of this article is ______. § 　　This passage is mainly about ______.

2．Main Topic类型：选项形式为名词或名词词组。要求考生指出文章的Topic（论题）或 Subject（主题），或 Title（标题）等。 § What is the main topic of this passage？ § 　　The passage is chiefly concerned with _______. § 　　What is the main subject of the passage? § 　　The best title for this passage might be _____.

要正确理解一篇文章，关键是要抓住文章的主题思想。阅读中如何才能抓住文章的主旨大意呢？通常有两种方法： § 1. 找出主题句。一般来讲，文章或段落的主题句在文章或段落的开头或结尾。 § 2. 找出主题词。如果文章或段落中找不到主题句，考生就要找出主题词或关键词，然后根据对文章的理解自己归纳概括出文章的中心思想。

　（一）、找主题句 § People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

§ Since plants give off this valuable gas, they are doing other living things a great service, because, since all living things have to breathe, there could easily be a short-age of oxygen in the atmosphere. Green plants, in this way; help to maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere. （2）主题句在段尾。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚，或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。当作者想要说服读者听信其言时，一般采用此格式组织句子。

§ Just as I settle down to read or watch television, he demands that I play with him. If I get a telephone call, he screams in the background or knocks something over. I always have to hang up to find out what's wrong with him. Babysitting with my little brother is no fun. He refuses. to let me eat a snack in peace. Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat. Then, when he finally grows tired, it takes about an hour for him to fall asleep. （3）主题句在段中。　　有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现，但不是就在正中间。

（二）找主题词 § 有时段落中没有明显的主题句。作者用一种间接的方式表达了段落的中心思想。这时我们不能轻而易举地判断出主旨或主题这样，主题句是含蓄的，它隐含在短文或段落之中，需要考生从段落中寻找主题词或词组。然后用这些主题词或词组概括和归纳出段落的中心思想。

§ Some people like to go to beach or a lake for recreation. They enjoy the swimming or boating that is available there. Other people, especially in the hot summer, prefer clean air and cool mountain breezes. Some people like excitement and entertainment. They got to shows and nightclubs. Still other people find that staying home with the family and enjoying the togetherness of spending time with loved ones is the most happy experience of all. People enjoy different kinds of recreation.

主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种： § 　　1. 概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。 § 　　2. 概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。 § 　　3. 无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。

§ When the weather is clear, pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level. In low visibility situations, however, the eye and other orientation senses, such as our sense of balance, are not only useless, they may be totally misleading. The only safe way to fly an airplane in low visibility conditions is to use instruments, which indicate the attitude of the airplane.

§ A. In bad weather, the senses can be misleading § B. Flying an airplane can be very difficult § C. When visibility is low the only safe way to fly an airplane is by using flight instruments. § D. When the weather is clear, pilots use their eyes to keep the airplane flying straight and level. 四项选择中A项和d项内容太具体，不能概括段落的主旨思想。 b项内容又太笼统，超出了作者的原意。只有C项才准确地概括出段落的主旨思想。

阅读技能如何提高阅读能力

进行推理判断 § 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。 § 此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是： § 题干表现形式： § It can be inferred from the text that … § From the text we know that … § The story implies that… § The paragraph following the passage will most probably be … § It may be concluded from the passage that… § What would be happy if …?

1. 解推断题应注意： (1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点； (2)推理的根据来自于上下文。

1) 题型分类 Ø a) 细节推断题 § 要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间，地点，人物关系，人物身份，事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行判断推理。 Ø b) 因果推断题 § 要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。

Ø c) 人物性格、态度及观点判断题 § 高考阅读测试中有些是考察考生对作者的主导思想，被描写人物语气，言谈话语中流漏的情绪，性格倾向和作者或文中人物，态度观点等方面的理解题。做着一类题注意： ¡ i. 由表及里的准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。 ¡ ii. 特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。 ¡ iii. 能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。

Ø d) 预测想象推理题 § 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关系来叙述），从而作出比较科学的合情合理的预测。

干扰项的特点： § （1）以假乱真，编造信息；不是在文章事实或上下文逻辑基础上进行推理而得的观点。 § （2）混淆本末，主次不分；虽然以文章提供的事实或内在轮机为基础进行推理，但推理过头，概括过度。 § （3）直接间接不分，把文章中明确表达的内容当成推理出来的 § （4）因果颠倒；原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，或反之。

Example 1 § One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches and two spiders. ” § “What do you need these things for? " the shop assistant was very surprised. § “Well，”replied the man，“I’m moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ” §

Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house， it was ______. § A. very clean § B. just cleaned by the landlord § C. tidy and comfortable § D. dirty and full of insects

Example 2 § Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK， they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. § Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesn’t ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I don’t know. ”

Q： Which of the following best describes the writer’s attitude towards Mr Neff? § A. He finds Mr Neff hard to understand B. He thinks Mr Neff wonderful C. He feels pity for Mr Neff D. He does not like Mr Neff 解析：本文中使用never，还写到Even if he does miss them， it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 故暗示他对Mr Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。

确定作者的观点和态度

TIPS §Put yourself in the writer’s shoes !

§ 考查理解作者的观点和态度的测试题　　 ① This article is particularly written for ___. 　　② When the writer says … he really means ___. 　　③ The author’s attitude to… is that ___. 　　④ What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage? 　　⑤ What is the tone of the writer / passage ? 　　⑥ The writer’s purpose in writing this story is ___.

§ 确定作者的意图　　一旦你理解了文章的结构，你会更清楚的理解作者的意图。文章的结构会受到作者意图的影响。作者的意图可能是告知或者劝说，他会根据他的意图来为文章选择一种结构或风格。作者也可能在一篇文章中体现两种意图——告知和劝说，在这种情况下最好确定那种意图是作者的主要意图。评价作者的态度　　作者在文章中所表现的态度并不一定是中立的或者客观的，尤其是在他们试图说服读者同意他们的意见时。理解作者的态度和文章的主旨或者提供的信息之间的关系就显得尤为重要。这是因为，作者的态度会影响文章中信息的表达方式。你应该着眼于确定作者态度的方法，以及评价作者态度是保持中立还是带有偏见。

§ § § neutral 中立的 positive 肯定的，积极的 optimistic negative 否定的，消极的 pessimistic objective 客观的 subjective 主观的 critical 批评的 praiseful 赞扬的 favorable 赞成的 ironic 讽刺的 doubtful 怀疑的 sympathetic 同情的 pitiful

§ 如何领会作者的观点。一般说来，通读全文，掌握主题思想和主要事实，这样我们能判断出作者的观点。作者在陈述自己的观点时，有时直截了当，但更多的时候作者借用别人的观点来表明自己的立场和态度。有时作者先介绍某一观点，但通过 “yet”，“however”，“but”等转折词来提出与前面相反的观点，表明自己的态度。因此，我们在确定作者观点时，必须将上下文联系起来分析，记住文章中有时作者所陈述的内容并非代表作者的观点。

§ Prof. Baker’s publish has stated that this new book will soon take the place of all the old standard works in this field: in view, however, of both the style and content of Prof. Baker’s book, I find this claim most difficult to accept. § What is the writer’s attitude towards Prof. Baker’s book? A. Positive B. Praiseful C. Negative D. Ironic

§ When I first opened the package containing a copy of Prof. Baker’s latest book and read its title. I must admit I felt a sudden sinking of the heart, yet once I had gathered courage to begin my reading. I found the work so far beyond my wildest hopes that I missed the supper rather than put the book down unfinished. § What is the writer’s attitude towards Prof. Baker’s book? A. Doubtful B. Praiseful C. Negative D. ironic

§ 辨别文章的笔调，推断作者的态度。有效阅读要求我们能够运用多种技巧，包括识别文章的笔调。笔调在文章中能提示作者的感情、态度和立场观点。“the tone of voice”这一概念我们都非常熟悉。要表示对一件事情的愤怒、厌倦、高兴等不同情感，我们在说话时只要改变一下语调就可以。例如：I am really glad you called right now, even though I was in the shower. 在阅读中，我们只能通过辨别文章的笔调，来了解作者的感情和态度。作者在表露自己感情和态度时，注意选词造句，注意表达思想的不同方法，从字面直接陈述中，流露出他的感情和态度。

§ 辨认语气及含义。领会语气，识别反语，辨认讽刺是阅读能力上水平的体现。它们在阅读中体现了作者对主题、人物甚至是作者本人的态度，从作者所写的文字中我们常可以推断出隐含的，甚至与字面意义完全相反的意思来。　　　　例如：当你的朋友与你约会再次迟到时，你对他说：“Well, I'm glad you're on times as usual. " 你真的高兴吗？你不是委婉地批评他老是迟到吗？

§ “slim”，“delicate”，“skinny”及“emaciated”这几个英语单词，如果无法区分这些词的细微含义，那么，这些单词的词义仅仅是“thin”，而不再有其他的意思。阅读理解强的读者，能根据语篇提供的线索把这些词义理解到位，真正理解作者的思想意图。“slim ”意思是“瘦”(thin) 的意思，属于褒义词，相当于汉语的“苗条”。“delicate”用在“a small delicate person”这样的短语中有“娇嫩小巧”之意，相当于汉语的“娇弱”“娇柔”的意思。“skinny”指“非常瘦”(very thin)，有贬义之意，指瘦的难看或皮包骨头的人。“emaciated”意为由于疾病、饥饿而 “消瘦”“衰弱”，属于病态的“瘦弱”。

§ 作者态度题的解题技巧　　*不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度　　*当作者的态度没有明确提出时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度　　*作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联

作者态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不决，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶、憎恨。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中。如： Why isn’t your newspaper reporting any good news？All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿)，and death. Frankly，I’m sick of all this bad news. This author’s attitude towards the newspaper reporting is to _____. A. complain B. apologize C. amuse D. inform 解析：作者一是向读者说明这份报纸上只

With a touch of a button, television brings the world into the home of modern man. Through the miracle of television, man can be informed about events in far-off countries. He can be entertained by humorous comedies, or he can be moved by stirring dramas. Television broadens the mind and enriches the lives of people everywhere. The write thinks that television is _____. A. a great invention B. a bad thing C. a great surprise D. of no use

If I had to select a word that best describes the majority of American parents, that word would be GUILTY-RIDDEN(内疚的). How sad it is to see parents become the willing victims(受害者) of the “give me game”, only to discover that no matter what they do, it isn’t enough. In the end, they are blamed when their spoiled children get into trouble. With this in mind, I shall first answer the question: “ What do parents owe their children? ” and I shall start with what they don’t owe them. The author’s attitude towards the parents is______ A. angry B. pitiful B. C. disappointed D. satisfied

§ The question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer should be treated with courtesy(礼貌) and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rush hour like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the disabled. Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sit there calmly reading the paper or a book, saying to ourselves “First come, first served”, while a grey-haired woman, a mother with a young child stands? Yet this is all too often seen.

What is the writer’s opinion concerning courteous manners towards women? A. Now that women have claimed equality, they no longer need to be treated differently from men. B. It is generally considered out of date for young men to give up their seats to young women. C. “Lady First” should be strictly practiced. D. Special consideration ought to be shown to them.