b05049c499bb64f0eb8e2ff457a02e2d.ppt
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自動化 資料擷取與監控 發展簡介 蔡明忠 國立台灣科技大學 程技術研究所 自動化及控制學程 /自動化及控制中心 副教 授 TEL: 02 -27376286 FAX: 02 -27376799 E-mail: mjtsai@mail. ntust. edu. tw 1
Development of sensing and control Centralization control DCS, PLC, Remote I/O Communication, network Distributed, Open architecture, Intelligent, Smart I/O Communication , network 2
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傳統分散式控制架構 4
以個人電腦及控制網路為基礎之控制架構 5
Remote Data Acquisition • . Intelligent sensor to controller / computer • . Built-in RS-232/RS-485 • . Built-in Microprocessor • . Programmable I/O • . Wireless - Radio modem module • . Network - Ethernet, control area network(CAN), Lonwork, • . Open architecture • . Friendly MMI (HMI: Human Machine Interface) 6
OPEN I/O Architecture 7
• Open_Control is a programmable controller which is designed based on the Lon. Works communication technology. 8
Field Bus systems in open network 1. ARCNET(Attached Resource Computer Network) 2. PROFILBUS(PROcess Field Bus) 3. Interbus S (EN 50254) 4. SERCOS (Serial Realtime Communication System)- www. sercos. org 5. CAN(Control Area Network) – www. can-cia. de 6. IEEE 1394(Firewire) - www. 1394 ta. org 7. Industrial Ethernet – 8. EIB (European Installation Bus) 9. Lon work(Local Operating Network) 10. others - Controlnet, World. FIP, AS-interface 9
Future Development • . Powerful faster host CPU and accessories • . Friendly MMI(HMI), PC-based, Window-based • . Opened Communication , Network , shared database • . Reliability Hardware/ software • . Low cost competitive, compatibility • . Smarter intelligence( Intelligent ) I/O, DSP, distributed • . Smaller Micro sensor, Micro-mechatronics 10
智慧型 I/O簡 介 智慧型 I/O與傳統 I/O最大的區分,在於它具有類似控制系統 之運算、控制及通訊功能以及處理能力,而非只是結合了 驅動器及感測器或是結合多種感測器在一起的轉換器。 11
A smart sensor module 12
資料擷取系統簡介 1. 何謂資料擷取系統? 2. 資料擷取系統的發展歷史 3. 資料擷取基本原理 4. 資料擷取軟硬體系統 6. PC-based Control Net 13
資料擷取系統簡介 廣義的資料擷取系統:量度、控制與通訊 量度系統:將感測器送來的信號作轉換及前置處 理 ,化作類比數位轉換電路所能處理且解析度最 佳的信號, 透過電腦運算出量度物理量的數值, 透過人機介面或輸出介面送出訊息。 控制系統: 可能接收到的是反饋信號,除了與量 度系統同樣進行感測之外,電腦的軟體還必須負 責控制器的功能,決定適當的輸出,驅動致動器 來進行控制。 14
資料擷取用途 資料擷取是為量測真實訊號(物理現象),如透過電 壓將訊息帶入電腦中來處理、分析、儲存或者做其 他處置。 物理現象: 如速度、溫度、濕度、壓力、流速、酸鹼 值、啟動停止、放射能、光度等 轉換器與感測器: 物理現象->電子訊號,如熱電偶為 一轉換器,將溫度轉換呈電壓大小,即可以類比-數 位轉換器量測,或如應變錶、流速儀與壓力錶等轉 換器,分別可以量測力量、流速與壓力。 15
資料擷取系統與時代潮流 • 過去的量測元件原理限於機械電磁的運作,整體的 量測必須在獨立的儀器上進行 • 數位技術發展,除了使儀器上能進行分析外,在整 合 性上也有了很好的進步,產生了儀器與儀器或電 腦 相連接的自動化量測系統(如RS 232或GPIB) • 後來則有AD/DA 卡為中心的量測控制系統,而更進 步的資料擷取系統,則是如 VXI的高級量測系統作 為代表。 16
Evolution of Instrumentation Flexibility VI Scope(Digital) IC/ASIC CRT Electronic Analog 25 0 50 75 10 0 PC Transistor Vaccum tube TV Radio Clock Time 17
以下為各時代的資料擷取特色: 1. 類比儀器(所有功能在單一機體) 2. IEEE 488介面及可擴充的儀器(數位化、儀器之間的 通訊、資料傳輸) 3. AD/DA 、GPIB卡加上電腦軟體 4. VXI系統(儀器插卡化、電腦本身規格的提昇、免去 連線的問題、通訊速率的提昇) 18
資料擷取基本原理 類比到數位的轉換中有兩個重要的參數: 解析度(Resolution)及取樣率(Sampling Rate) 。 • 解析度 : 即為經過數位轉換後所造成的量化誤差,因為在 電腦中紀錄資料的位元組是 有限的,以MIO卡的類 比/數位轉換埠而言,如10 V的輸入電壓可以 12 Bits來紀 錄,意即它的精確度的極限是: 10/212=0. 224 m. V 19
資料擷取基本原理 與解析度相關的前置處理是放大倍數,通常會將 輸入信號放大轉換區間,如信號大小為 0. 1 V,而類 比/數位轉換埠最大輸入為 10 V,則可放大 100倍, 以減少誤差(提高解析度)。 • 取樣率: (信號的頻率)×(點數/一週期波形)=取樣率 • Nyquist Theorem : 取樣率至少為信號頻率大小兩倍. 20
Sampling Rate • Determines how fast A/D conversions take place • Signals must be sampled fast enough to properly reproduce the signal • Aliasing – signal is undersampled Aliased due to undersampling Adequately sampled 21
Simultaneous Sampling • For applications where the time relationship between signals is important Channel 1 • Instrumentation amplifier and sample Channel 2 -and-hold circuitry for each channel • Mux connects channels to the ADC S/H Analog Mux Inst Amp ADC S/H Channel 1 • Example – Four 50 k. Hz signals sampled at 200 k. Hz Inst Amp Channel 2 Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4 Round Robin Sampling 15 ms (270 o phase shift) between Ch 1 & 4 Simultaneous Sampling 15 ns (0. 09 o phase shift) between Ch 1 & 4 (SC-2040 or SCXI-1140) 22
High speed sampling rate • Some digitizing oscilloscopes can use equivalenttime sampling to capture very fast repeating signals. • Equivalent-time sampling constructs a picture of a repetitive signal by capturing a little bit of information from each repetition 1 G Hz * 1/1000 = 1 MHz。 即 1 MHz取樣率可擷取 1 G Hz 訊號(週期性訊號) 23
High speed sampling rate • 24
Elements of an Instrumentation System 25
Signal Classification 26
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資料擷取系統- Signal Conditioning 30
Signal Conditioning • Amplification – Maximizes use of ADC range and increases accuracy – Increases SNR Signal Voltage S. C. * Amplification Noise in Lead Wires DAQ Board Amplification Digitized SNR Voltage Amplify only at DAQ Board . 01 V None . 001 V x 100 1. 1 V Amplify at S. C. * and DAQ Board . 01 V x 10 . 001 V x 10 1. 01 V 100 Amplify only at S. C. * . 01 V x 100 . 001 V None 1. 001 V 1000 10 31
Common Types of Signal Conditioning Transducers/Signals Thermocouples RTDs Strain Gauges Signal Conditioning Amplification, Linearization, and Cold-Junction Compensation Current Excitation, Four Wire and Three Wire Configuration, Linearization Voltage Excitation, Bridge Configuration, and Linearization DAQ-STC Common Mode or High Voltages Isolation Amplifiers (Optical Isolation) Loads Requiring AC Switching or Large Current Flow Electromechanical Relays or Solid-State Relays Signals with High Frequency Noise Lowpass Filters DAQ Board 32
Signal Conditioning • Transducer Excitation — External voltage or current applied to transducer — Provided by signal conditioning hardware • Linearization — Most transducers are not linear — Can be done in hardware or software • Isolation — Protects hardware from high voltages — Used in systems with high common-mode voltages • Filtering — Remove noise or unwanted signals — 4 Hz filter (SCXI-1121) optimum for removing 60 Hz AC noise from slowly sampled signals — Antialiasing filters 33
Signal Grounding and Measuring Techniques Signal Sources and Measurement Systems Rs • Grounded • Floating + - Vs Measurement Vm System • Differential • Referenced Single-Ended(RSE) • Non-Referenced Single-Ended (NRSE) Grounded Signal Source • Plug-in instruments with non-isolated inputs Floating Signal Source • Thermocouples • Signal conditioning with isolated outputs • Battery-powered devices 34
Signal Connections Differential Grounded ? RSE NRSE Floating 35
Measuring Grounded Sources • Best method – differential • Can also use NRSE (uses fewer channels) • Both methods avoid ground loops* Correct Incorrect + + + - Vs < DVg > + = - Vs + - DVg Ground referenced measurement system Vs < DVg Grounded signal source Source Ground = - - Vm = Vs + DVg Grounded signal source + > + + Vs + DVg - Vm = (Vs + DVg) - (DVg) = Vs Nonreferenced or differential measurement system Measurement System Ground * Ground loops: – Difference in potential between source ground and measurement system ground – Often appears as 60 Hz noise 36
Measuring Floating Signal Sources • Measure with differential, RSE or NRSE • Differential or NRSE — Use bias resistors (10 k. W to 100 k. W) — Ensure common-mode voltage does not exceed board limits • RSE or NRSE — Use when signals are high and noise is low — All signals should be commonly grounded at the source + + - R 1 R 2 Bias current injected into system by the instrumentation amp Resistors (10 k. W < R < 100 k. W) provide a return path to ground for instrumentation amplifier input bias currents. Only R 2 is required for DC-coupled signal sources. For AC-coupled sources, R 1 = R 2. 37
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資料擷取 提高效率要訣 1. 使用高效能界面硬體 /驅動程式 2. 使用個人電腦 /標準的作業環境 3. 使用適當的儀控軟體 4. 使用具彈性的儀控架構 5. 與資訊網路結合 41
模組化的軟體架構 重覆使用率 80% 50% 90% Test Exec 報表 Test Management Services SQL SPC 程序 儀器驅動程式 42
DAQ系統實現 Lab. Vi. EW可以控制DAQ卡讀取類比輸入訊 號,讀取或送出數位訊號和安排內建計時 器來量測頻率、產生脈衝等,對於類比輸 入訊號而言,來自感應器的電壓資料透過 即插式DAQ卡將訊息帶入電腦中來處理、 儲存或做其他處置。 43
PC-based DAQ架構 控制及應用軟體 硬體及驅動程式 PC or Workstation Application Software DAQ Products Processsensor, Actuators Serial Instruments GPIB Instruments Unit to be Tested/ measured VXI Instruments 44
DAQ solution 軟體支援 Application Software • Lab. VIEW • Lab. Windows/CVI • MATLAB • Visual Basic • C/C++. . . Interface Software • Driver(NI-DAQ) Mac, DOS, Win 95/98/ NT Data In/Out DAQ Board PCI/ISA 45
量測自動化利器 IEEE 488. 2 • 電腦控制量測儀器 – – 簡化儀控流程 (儀器驅動程式 ) 數據收集及測試決策可同時進行 人機 Remote Access Plant Digital Scope Device GPIB Ethernet Desktop PCI ISA MAC SUN Portable PCMCIA Parallel Serial Wireless 46
選擇DAQ卡考慮項目 Test & Measurement World Survey 硬體可靠度 準確度 軟體可靠度 使用容易 整合性 技術支援t 先進技術 價格 價值 長期成本 廠牌 產品選擇性 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Test & Measurement World 1995 PC-Based Test Market Insight Study 47
資料擷取與 電腦技術發展 CPU MITE 硬體 軟體 網路 LANs Internet 48
Case Study: Ford In-Vehicle Field Prototype Testing • 需求:可攜帶牢固、耐 溫的測試系統 • 挑戰:需要以多種儀 表清楚顯示數據 • 方案: 業級可攜帶 電腦、 Lab. VIEW軟體 及資料擷取介面卡 49
Case Study: Design Verification 用影像量測半導體溫度變化 • 需求:要達到 micron 解 析度的溫度量測 • 挑戰:非接觸式量測半 導體零件溫度分部 • 方案: Lab. VIEW-based 液晶感測系統加上 IMAQ PCI-1408 影像擷 取卡及辨識軟體 50
Case Study: Traulsen NSF 規格冷凍庫測試 • 挑戰:附合NSF規格 測試冷凍庫 • 方案:Lab. VIEW資 料擷取介面卡, SCXI 前端處理硬體 51
Reference • • (1. ) “次世代自動化技術趨勢與應用”, 中華民國自動化協會 研討會, Feb. 1997 (2. ) . 蔡明忠, ” Automated Sensing and remote control”, 1997生產自動化與控制之教 學與訓練研討會, 國立台灣科技大學自動化及控制中心, 03/1997 (3. ) . “新世代PC-based控制技術發展研討會”, 中華民國自動化協會 研討會, 05/1998 (4. ) Lonworks seminar, Echelon, 知業科技, 1996 (5. ) ANCO Inc. (OPEN AUTOMATION), ”OPEN-IO introduction” ; http: //www. anco. com. tw/ (6. ) 葉文彬, “整合控制網路與智慧型I/O在非集中式控制系統之開發研究”, 國立台 灣科技大學 程研究所 自動化及控制學程碩士論文, 06/1998. (7. ) NI day 19 98 52
b05049c499bb64f0eb8e2ff457a02e2d.ppt