翻译C ——汉译英
第一章 绪论 “洪荒造塔语言殊，从此人间要象胥”。 Babel Tower Old Testament of Holy Bible Genesis 11
• To translate is therefore to let go of your (English) writing in a way, to hold it at arm’s length, open it to scrutiny, allow it to float in the ether (universe) for a while, and to let others, pivot you toward relative truth. (blog) esp. for C-E translation
Translation Criteria/Standards 天竺国俗，甚重文藻，其宫商体韵，以入弦为善。凡 觐国王，必有赞德。见佛之仪，以歌叹为尊。经中偈颂， 皆其式也。但改梵为秦，失其藻味，虽得大意，殊隔文体， 有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃另呕秽也。 （转引自陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》） • 严复： 信、达、雅 • 刘重德：信、达、切 • 鲁迅： 求其易解，保存原作丰姿 • 傅雷： 神似 similarity in spirit • 钱钟书：化境 sublimation • Tytler: 3原则 p 5
Tytler’s 3 principles • A translation should give a complete transcript of the original work. • The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. • A translation should have all the case of the original composition.
Basic Requirements For Translator • The 1 st and most obvious requirement of any translator is that he have a satisfactory knowledge of the source language. It is not enough that he be able to get the “general drift “ of the meaning, or that he be adept in consulting dictionaries. Rather, he must understand not only the obvious content of the message, but also the subtleties of meaning , the significant emotive values of words, and the stylistic features which determine the “flavor and feel” of the message. • Even the more important than knowledge of the resources of the source language is a complete control of the receptor language. See ppt 2 Certainly the most numerous and serious errors made by translators arise primarily from their lack of thorough knowledge of the TL.
• It is one thing, however, to know a language in general and another to have a special knowledge of a particular subject. In other words, in addition to a knowledge of the two or more languages involved in the translation process, the translator must have a thorough acquaintance with the subject matter concerned. acquaintance with • The translator should also have something of the same cultural background as that of the author he is translating. If such is not the case, “the translator should be willing and readily able to make up for this deficiency. ” At the same time, a translator must be content to be like his author, for it is not his business to try to excel him.
• In translating the Bible, most outstanding translators have also insisted a further requirement, namely, a devout recognition of dependence upon divine grace. • The translator should not only make use of the best scientific philology and exegesis, but also invoke and rely upon divine grace for the fulfillment of his task.
• The same is true of translation theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know translation theory, nor is it even necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything about translation everything theory. • It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the American church at the end of the twentieth century to know something about translation something theory, for two reasons.
First, it will affect the way we interpret the Bible for our people. If we are completely unaware of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our brothers and sisters in our interpretation. Second, there are so many English translations available, that no contemporary pastor will be able to escape the inevitable questions about which translations are superior.
第二章 词汇分析和得体选词 Lexical relationship between Chinese and English • • One-to-one relationship One-to-none relationship Pseudo one-to-one relationship One-to-many or many-to-one or manyto-many relationship
1、这花儿真美。 2、这件衣服太花了。 3、孩子的花儿刚 出过。 4、我的眼早花了。 5、他年轻时是个花花公子。 1. flower 2. multicoloured 3. smallpox 4. nebulous 5. playboy
Translation Criteria/Standards 天竺国俗，甚重文藻，其宫商体韵，以入弦为善。凡 觐国王，必有赞德。见佛之仪，以歌叹为尊。经中偈颂， 皆其式也。但改梵为秦，失其藻味，虽得大意，殊隔文体， 有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃另呕秽也。 （转引自陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》） • 严复： 信、达、雅 • 刘重德：信、达、切 • 鲁迅： 求其易解，保存原作丰姿 • 傅雷： 神似 similarity in spirit • 钱钟书：化境 sublimation • Tytler: 3原则 p 5
shift of perspective • • 不二价 one price 听电话 answer the phone 太平门 emergency exit 北屋 a room with a southern exposure 座钟 a standing clock 好票 a good seat “冷板凳”队员 bench warmer
第三章 句子分析与得体表达 Full sentence, minor sentence, fragments “……西洋人做文章把语言化零为整，中国人做文章几乎可以 说是化整为零。” ----王力 洞庭湖“衔远山，吞长江，浩浩荡荡，横无际涯”。 Carrying distant mountains in the mouth and swallowing Yangtze River, the vast and mighty Donting Lake stretches endlessly. 整合IT市场资源，追求专业化、市场化、规模化、规范化。 We have integrated IT market resources, striving to be specialized and market-oriented with scale and standardization.
经济发达，交通便利以后，频频南调北运，外加塑料大棚养 殖什么的，水果上市不分了季节。 As the transportation system had developed and economy had improved in China, fruit could be transported to every corner of the country and, with greenhouses, at any season.
词性和语态之间的转换 Shift between parts of speech and voices • v. - n. 他喜欢在晚饭后静静地抽支烟。 He likes a quiet smoke after supper. 他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。 In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products. 林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先 把鸦片焚毁了。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the opium trade must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.
你一定很不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不 会教。 You must be a very bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. Exceptional cases: n. -v. 他的讲演给听众的印象很深。 His speech impressed the audience deeply. 他在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。 She figured prominently in the last act.
• V. --adj. (表示知觉、情感等心理状态） 1、获悉日本遭受大地震，我们极为关切。 We are deeply concerned at the news that Japan has been struck by the devastating earthquake. 2. 、他们怀疑他是否负担得起。 They are doubtful whether he can afford it. • Adv—v 匆匆地下结论 jump to a conclusion 偷偷地看一眼 steal a glance 急忙赶来相助 rush to help 他笑着同意了。He smiled his consent.
• Shift between voices (汉语重思维形态的主体性， 主体“尽在不言中”。汉语主动---英语被动） 饭在锅里，我在屋里。 The meal has been prepared and I’m waiting for you in the bedroom. 如果开支确属必要，钱总是可以筹到的。 If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found/fund can be raised somehow.
• v. -prep. 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。 What are these people after? They are after fame and position and want to be in the limelight. 有人给他撑腰。 He has someone behind him. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。 He is a man above vulgar interests.
第四章 语篇分析与得体表达 I、语篇类型分析（Analysis of text types） According to Newmark, the text can be classified into expressive (“表情类”), informative (“信息类” ), and vocative (“呼唤鼓动类”)，that is: • expressive：nonfiction, speech, biography, prose, and private letters • informative：teaching material, scientific report, news, academic paper, thesis, meeting minutes or agenda, etc. • vocative：public notices, products instructions, advertisement, political propaganda, persuasive writings, etc.
Moreover, the type of the text can also be classified into: literary and non literary, that is： • literary：novel, biography, prose, poem, anecdote, joke, etc. • non literary (practical): government’s document, diplomatic document, legal document, scientific and technological material, business letters, public notice, product instruction, advertisement, name card and tourist catalogs, etc.
II、语篇功能分析（Analysis of text functions） • Only in few cases a text can be judged with a single function, in many cases, a text is always endowed with several functions whereas taking one or two of them as the main functions. • The significance of analysis of text functions during the course of translation lies: because the text functions and context are closely correlated, hence to determine the text functions can contribute actively to the due analysis of the original works; at the same time, the translator can also evaluate the original factors in the TL context to ensure that the equivalent function can work on the TL.
• In conclusion, a translator should recognize and finalize the types of the text because it may decide his understanding and expression during the course of translation. And the analysis of the text can help to differentiate various texts with its own focuses, e. g. text focusing on the contents(scientific); on the form and content equally (literary text); on the effect and eye-catching (practical), and hence to translate the text appropriately, effectively and efficiently.
III. 语篇分析与翻译 (Text analysis and translation) In accordance with the views of translating the text functions, translator should not take the equivalence to the original or simply the original function as the criterion or basis to judge the quality of the version. Instead, the expected function of the version in the target language should be the standard. The function of the version can be similar or consistent to that of the original, or can be completely different. Hence the method and strategy should be decided by the translator on the basis of the analysis and comparison of the function of the original and the expected function of the version.
The analysis of the original is equally important to translation of the literary works or the nonfiction and a translator should pay due attention to the important factors such as the discourse factors from the viewpoints of the version during the process of analyzing and translating the original.
IV. 各种语篇类型翻译点评 （Comments on translation of various types of text） 1、散文（prose） original：但是，朔方的雪花纷飞之后，却永远如粉，如沙，他们决不 粘连，撒在屋上，地上，枯草上，就是这样。屋上的雪是早就有消化 了的，因为屋里居人的火的温热。别的，在晴天之下，旋风忽来，便 蓬勃地奋飞，在日光中灿灿地生光，如包藏火焰的大雾，旋转而且升 腾，弥漫太空，使太空旋转而且升腾地闪烁。（“雪”，摘自鲁迅《野 草》） version： But the snowflakes that fall in the north remain to the last like powder or sand never hold together, whether scattered on roofs, the ground or the withered grass. The warmth from the stoves inside has melted some of the snow on the roofs. As for the rest, when a whirlwind springs up under a clear sky, it flies up wildly, glittering in the sunlight like thick mist around a flame, revolving and rising till fills the sky, and the whole sky glitters as it whirls and rises.
2、诗歌（poetry） original： 静夜思 李白 床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 version： In The Quiet Night By Li Bai So bright a gleam on the foot of my bed— Could there have been a frost already? Lifting myself to look, I found that it was Moonlight. Sinking back again, I thought suddenly of home.
3、特写（feature articles） original：为了庆祝香港的历史性回归，7月1日将在 维多利亚港举行有史以来最大规模的烟花表演。 观众可以免费观看长达 1小时的烟花表演。同时， 维多利亚湾两侧的公园里也将华灯齐放，展示一 幅极为美丽的景象。灯展将历时 100天。 version： To celebrate Hong Kong’s historic return to China, the greatest fireworks display ever seen will take place above Victoria Harbor on July 1. The show is scheduled to last for one hour and admission is free. On both sides of the harbor, parks will light up with colorful lanterns and the illuminated decorations will remain for 100 days.
政论文（political essay） original：同时必须清醒看到，在一些地方和部门的领导 作 4、 中，忽视思想教育，忽视精神文明，“一手比较硬，一手 比较软“的问题还没有解决。在社会精神方面还存在不少 问题，有的还相当严重。一些领域道德失范，拜金主义、 享乐主义、个人主义滋长；封建迷信活动和黄赌毒等丑恶 现象沉渣泛起；假冒伪劣、欺诈活动成为社会公害；文化 事业受到消极因素的严重冲击，危害青少年身心健康的东 西屡禁不止；腐败现象在一些地方蔓延，党风、政风受到 很大损害。 version： At the same time, we must see with a sober mind that in the work of leadership in some localities and departments, the problem of neglecting ideological education and ethical and cultural progress, and “attaching importance to some things while neglecting others” has not been solved. Quite a number of problems still exist in the social, ethical and cultural life, some rather serious.
The standard of moral conduct has been lowered in some spheres, and the practice of worshipping money, seeking pleasure and individualism has grown; feudal superstitions and such social vices as pornography, gambling and drug abuse have resurfaced; production fo shoddy and fake goods and fraud have become a social scourge (cause of great harm or suffering); the cultural cause has been seriously affected by negative factors; things that damage the physical and mental health of youngsters and children have not been eliminated despite repeated prohibitions; the phenomenon of corruption has been spreading in some places, seriously damaging the work style of the Party and the government.
Culture: 第五章 文化差异、接受及文化词语的处理 1. The customs, beliefs, art, music, and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a particular time. e. g. : ancient Greek culture, a tribal culture pop culture 2. Artistic and other activity of the mind and the works produced by this.
文化定义 • 1、人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富 和精神财富的总和。特别是精神财富，如文学、 艺术、教育、科学等。 • 2、考古学用语，指同一个历史时期的不依分布地 点为转移的遗迹、遗物的综合体。同样的 具、 用具，同样的制造技术等，是同一种文化的特征， 如： 仰韶文化、龙山文化 • 3、指运用语言文字的能力及一般的知识，如： 文化水平、学文化
Leo Loveday, an American sociolinguist It does not refer to theatre going or the possession of a refrigerator. It refers to something rather abstract and difficult to grasp immediately as one is part of it. It involves the implicit norms and conventions of a society, its methods of going about doing things, its historically transmitted but also adaptive and creative ethos, its symbols and its organization of experience.
• Culture is a historical phenomenon 龟 蛤蟆 a toad lusting after a swan’s flesh Elevation vs. degeneration • Culture is a geographical phenomenon green hat/cap: an Aussie’s experience 龙 She was guarded by a woman obviously her mother, who tried to stare Hagan down with a cold arrogance that made him want to punch her in the face. The angel child and the dragon mother, Hagan thought, returning the mother’s cold stare. ( The Godfather p 54)
• 十里蛙声不断，九溪曲流不断。 You can hear frog’s continuous crying in ten miles and can enjoy the babbling of the winding streams. • 别以为熊猫长得都一样，娇娇是特别的漂亮。 You may think pandas look all alike, but Jiaojiao is particularly beautiful. • 爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog red
文化与翻译（译例1） 原文： 满地黄花堆积，憔悴损，而今有谁堪摘 ? 守着窗儿，独自怎生得黑！梧桐更兼细 雨，到黄昏点点滴滴。这次第，怎一个愁 字了得！ （李清照 声声慢）
Version 1: Lo, how my lawn is rife with golden blooms Of bunched chrysanthemums--- Weary their heads they bow. Who cares to pluck them now ? While I the casement keep Lone, waiting for night And, as the shades fall Upon broad leaves, spares raindrops drip. Ah, such a plight Of grief-grief unbearable, unthinkable. (John A. Turneer, 1976)
Version 2: The ground is covered with yellow flowers, Faded and fallen in showers. Who will pick them up now ? Sitting alone at the window, how Could I but quicken The pace of darkness that won’t thicken ? Upon the plane-trees a fine rain drizzles As twilight grizzles Oh, What can I do with a grief Beyond belief ? (Xu Yuanchong, 1981)
文化翻译（译例2） 原文： 玉炉香，红蜡泪，偏照画堂秋思。眉翠 薄，鬓云残，夜长衾枕寒。梧桐树，三更 雨，不道离情更苦。一叶叶，一声声，空 阶滴到明。 （温庭筠 更漏子）
Version 1: Incense from a jade censer And a tearful vermilion candle Evoked autumn moods within the painted chamber. Penciled eyebrows worn, Cloud-like locks in disarray; Long is the night, the covers and pillow cold. Upon the Wu-t’ung trees Fall a midnight rain, In different to the persistent pains of separation. Leaf upon leaf, Drop by drop, On empty steps it drips until the dawn. (William R. Schultz. 1975)
Version 2: The tearful candle red And fragrant censer spread Within the painted bower a gloomy autumn light. Fad’d eyebrows penciled And hair dishevelled, She feels her quilt the colder and longer the night. The lonely withered trees And midnight rain and breeze Don’t care about her bitter parting sorrow. Leaf on leaf without grief, Drop by drop without stop, They fall on vacant steps until the morrow. (Xu Yuanchong, 1988)
第六章 实用类语篇的翻译翻译 Translation of Practical Chinese 1、公共告示（Bills &Notices) Characteristics: • posted in public • aiming at catching attention • incl. labels, bulletins, notices, warnings, shop front signs, etc. • short, concise, brief, simplified structure
How to translate? • “While in Rome, do as Roman does”. Following the way things are expressed in English usually • Try to make use of the existing similar expressions of the target language • Try to make the version achieve the function and effect equivalent to the original
e. g. 1、请止步 No Admittance! 2、非公莫入 No admittance except on business. 3、仓库重地闲人免进 Warehouse: Authorized Persons Only. 4、谢绝参观 Inspection/Visitors Declined. 5、切勿倒置 Keep Upright.
6、自备零钞，不找零钱 (公共汽车） Exact Fare Only 7、头手不要伸出窗外 Please Keep Arms and Heads Inside the Bus. 8、谨防扒手！ Beware of Pickpockets. 9、老弱病残孕专座 Courtesy Seats; Courtesy Seating 10、请勿乱丢烟头 Thank You for Using the Ash-tray. com. : Please don’t litter the floor with cigarette ends.
11、禁止喧哗 Quiet, please. 12、请勿酒后开车 Please don’t drink and drive. 13、请勿用物件预留座位（图书馆、餐厅） Seats shall be reserved for warm bodies only. 14、严禁在此大小便 Decency Forbids; Commit No Nuisance. 15、先来先办，售完为止 First come, first served, until it is fully booked. 16、昼夜营业/全天营业 Round-the-Clock Business; Always Open.
17、照常营业 Business As Usual. 18、暂停营业 Business Temporarily for Repairs. 19、今日盘点，暂停营业 Closed for Stock-taking. 20、内部修理，暂停营业 Closed Temporarily for Repairs. 21、立等可取 Instant Repair; Instant Service. 22、当日可取 Same Day Service
ex. 1、快餐外卖 2、开业大吉 3、买一送一 4、大酬宾，大减价 5、厂家直销 6、厂家建议价 7、陈列品不出售 8、请勿乱动 9、损坏后果自负（易碎品柜 台） 10、降价 20%/打八折 11、床上用品大减价 12、清仓大拍卖 13、疯狂大杀价 14、特价，优惠价 15、全城最便宜 16、莫失良机（机不可失） 17、货物售出，盖不退换 18、包您满意，否则退款
Version for reference: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Fast Food To Go. Grand Opening. Two for the price of one; Buy one and get one free. Sale; Sale Price; Big Sale. Factory Outlet Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price For Display Only; Not for Sale Hands Off. Handle at Your Own Risk. 20 percents off
11. White Sale. 12. Clearance Price. 13. Crazy Price. 14. Terrific Value; Special Buy. 15. Best Value In Town. 16. It’s Now or Never. 17. All sales are final. 18. Satisfaction Guaranteed, Or Money Back; Goods Satisfactory Or Money Refunded.
2、广告（Advertisement) • Characteristics 1. Selling power (推销能力） 2. Memory power（记忆价值）“fresh” “creative” 3. Attention value（注意价值） 4. Readability（可读性） 5. Persuasive power（说服力） 6. Loaded , figurative language （鼓动性、修辞性语言）
英语广告标题、口号、商标举例（Examples of English headlines, slogans and trade names) • 双关（pun) Twogether. (海滨旅馆广告，针对年轻度假伴侣） 双双对对一起来。 OIC （眼镜厂商标，与 Oh, I see! 谐音，酷似眼 镜） 哦，我看见了！ The coats for every wear, everywhere. (every wear 与everywhere谐音，重复强调） 任何场合都能穿的外衣。
• 夸张（hyperbole) Too good to forget. (啤酒广告，看似平淡，实则夸张） 口味一流，永难忘怀。 There’s no place like Speigel. There’s no place like home to shop. (Speigel 为美国芝加哥的一家超市） 斯匹克天下无双！到斯匹克购物宾至如归！
• 隐喻（metaphor) EAR FOOD Give a listen to Sanyo’s newest CD players. They’re moveable feasts for music-hungry ears. 耳朵的美餐 可移动的新一代三洋CD机，饱您耳福的音乐美餐。
• 排比 (parallelism) The CORDIA: Shaped by the wind; born for the road. 戈迪亚牌汽车：应路而生，风雨造就。 • 头韵（alliteration) Choosy mother choose Jif. 挑剔的母亲专爱挑吉弗牌花生酱。 • 尾韵（rhyme) Compact impact. 体积虽小，颇具功效
• 仿拟（parody) A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play. 一天一块“金星”巧克力，令你精力充沛、生活愉悦。 （模拟An apple a day keeps the doctor away. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. ) • 重复（ repetition) Any bar that serves Remy Martin XO is not just any bar. 任何供应人头马XO的酒吧都是非同寻常的酒吧。
汉英广告翻译（C-E advertising translation） • Following the way things are usually expressed in Englsih • Making full use of rhetorical devices 1、牡丹香烟，醇味盖冠 （牡丹牌香烟） Peony stands out for taste. Parody: Camel stands out for taste. (Camel Cigarette) 2、值得信赖， 惟有兄弟 （台湾兄弟牌运动用品） Only Brother Your Very Own Brother. (repetition) 3、不求今日拥有，但求天长地久。（青岛电视） Choose once and choose for good. (pun)
4、追求美的真谛，创造美的事业，奉献美的至诚，共建美 的世界。（丝宝集团 parallelism） Challenge, Creation, Contribution, Cooperation. 5、默默无蚊的奉献。（蚊香片广告 pun） Mosquito-repellent incense, repelling mosquitoes in silence. (rhyme)
Adaptation (改译） 天时、地利、人和 （房产投资广告） The best time to invest, the best place to invest, the best property to invest. Com. : Favorable climatic, geographical and human conditions 长城电扇，电扇长城 A fan is no comparison to the Great Wall, but the Great Wall Fan will show you that it is just as cool. (pun: “cool” )
Ex. 1、东西南北中，好酒在张弓。 2、金日在手中，万事好成功。 3、本产品设计新颖， 艺先进，选材讲究，价格合理。 4、中国一绝 5、挡不住的感觉 6、口齿留香，余味无穷 7、（食品）保质期 8、上等产品 9、保质暴量 10、超过部颁标准
Version for reference 1. 2. 3. East or west, “Zhanggong” (distilled spirit) is the best. “Jinri” (VCD/DVD) in hand, success in the end. Manufactured with advanced technology and selected materials, our products are novel in design and reasonable in price. 4. The world’s only one in China; an unrivalled specialty in China 5. You can’t beat the feeling; something you cannot afford to miss.
6. Try it once and you’ll love it; Com. : …with lingering aftertaste. It means “the taste that remains in the mouth after eating or drinking, I. e. unpleasant flavor 7. Shelf date 8. A real extra 9. Quality and quantity assured 10. Surpass the standards issued by the Ministry of (hint: context)
第七章 不可译性与创造性翻译 Untranslatability and Creative translation: creation (译例1） 鲁大海：（挣扎）放开我，你们这群强盗！ 周 萍：（向仆人）把他拉下去！ 鲁侍萍：（ 大哭）这真是一群强盗！（走到周萍面前） 你是萍……凭----什么打我儿子！ （曹禺《雷雨》） Hai: (struggling) Let go of me, you hooligans! Ping: (to the servants) Hustle him outside! Ma: (breaking down) You are hooligans, too! (going across to Chou Ping) You’re my--- Mighty free with your fists! What rights have to hit my son?
Untranslatability and Creative translation: creation (译例2） 胡太太叹了口气，看见胡国光还是一肚子心事似的度 方步。 “张铁嘴怎么说的？”胡太太惴惴地问。 “很好。不用瞎担心事了。我还有委员的福分呢！” “么事的桂圆！” “是委员！从前行的是大人老爷，现在是委员了！你还 不明白？”
Madame Hu gave a sigh and watched her husband anxiously pacing about and before. “What did Chang Tieh-tsui say? ” She asked timidly. “He gave me very good news. We need not look for trouble, I have the possibility of being a member of a Committee!” “What’s a common tea? ” asked the wife, who only vaguely caught the sound. “A Committee! Lord and esquires are out of date, and the prevailing nomination is to a Committee. Don’t you still understand? ”
练习 落花生 许地山 我们屋后有半亩隙地。母亲说：“让它荒芜 着怪可惜，既然你们那么爱吃花生，就辟来做 花生园罢。”我们几姊弟和几个丫头都很喜欢— —买种的买种，动土的动土，灌园的灌园，过 不了几个月，居然收获了！ 妈妈说：“今晚我们可以做一个收获节，也 请你们爹爹来尝尝我们底新花生，如何？”我们 都答应了。母亲把花生做成好几样的食品，还 吩咐这节期要在花园里底茅亭举行。 那晚上的天色不太好，可是爹爹也到来， 实在很难得！爹爹说：“你们爱吃花生吗？”
我们都争着回答：“爱！” “谁能把花生的好处说出来？” 姊姊说：“花生的气味很美。” 哥哥说：“花生可以制油。” 我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃； 都喜欢它。这就是它的好处。”
Version Peanuts By Xu Dishan There was a small piece of open land behind our house. One day, mother said to us, “it’s a pity to leave it lying waste. Since you are so fond of peanuts, let’s turn it into a peanut garden. ” Hearing that, we kids and the little maids were so delighted that we set about working immediately. Some went to buy the seeds, some broke ground and others watered the garden. To our happy surprise, several months later we had a real harvest.
The harvest over, mother suggested, “what about holding a celebration of our harvest this evening and inviting your Daddy to have a taste of our newly-reaped peanuts? ” To this we all agreed. Mother prepared many kinds of peanut food and told us to hold the celebration in the thatched pavilion in the garden. The sky was not so clear that evening. But to our great pleasure, we had Daddy with us. He asked us, “do you like peanuts? ” We all rushed to the answer, “Yes!”
“Who can tell us the advantage of peanuts? ” My elder sister said, “They taste good. ” “We can extract oil from them, ” was my elder brother’s reply. I said, “They are so inexpensive that everyone can afford them and like them. That’s their advantage. ”
练习 那女娲氏炼石 补天之时，与大荒山无稽崖， 炼成高十二丈，见方二十四丈的顽石三万六千五 百零一块。 Version When the goddess Nu Wa melted down rocks to repair the sky at Baseless Cliff in the Great Waste Mountain, she made thirty-six five hundred and one blocks of stone, each a hundred and twenty feet high and two hundred and forty feet square.
练习 那些卖酒的青帘高扬，卖菜的红炭满炉，仕 女游人，络绎不绝，真不数“三十六家花酒店，七 十二做管弦楼。” Version Dark trade-signs flutter above the wineshops, and red charcoal glows in the teahouse stories, while men and women stream by, on pleasure bent, to throng the countless taverns and music halls.
练习 福建省位于中国东南沿海，原是一个人口 较少、资源贫乏、经济比较落后的小省。七十 年代末以来，充分利用中央赋予的特殊政策， 在突破旧体制方面先行一步，以市场为取向的 改革取得实质进展，有力地推进了福建省国民 经济和社会事业的迅速发展，不论是经济增长 速度还是国内生产总值都跃居全国前矛。
Version Situated on the southeast China coast, Fujian Province used to be an economically backward province small in population and poor in natural resources. But this has changed since the start of the reform in the late 70 s. Taking full advantage of the special polices granted by the central government, Fujian Province has taken the initiative in breaking through traditional economic structure and moving toward a market economy. The substantial progress achieved has efficiently facilitated a rapid development in Fujian’s economy and society and made it possible for the province to leap to the leading position together with a few other provinces in the country in terms of economic growth rate and GDP. The deepening of reform and new leaps in economy are all in urgent need of science and quality personnel to back up.
练习 这对于福州大学这样一所全省唯一的以 为主、理 结合的新型地方大学来说，既是一 种机遇，更是一种挑战。为了适应福建省改革 开放和经济飞速发展的需要，福州大学也进入 了发展的快车道：经过40年，特别是近 20年的 改革和发展，在校生规模从1978年不足 2000 人发展到今天逾万人；学科专业设置已基本涵 盖了本省主要经济领域和产业部门，并已形成 了包括研究生、本专科、成人、留学生教育在 内的多层次、多规格、多形式的办学格局；已 被列为全国重点建设的百所大学之一。
Version This has provided a challenge as well as an opportunity for Fuzhou University, a university of science and engineering, concentrating mainly on engineering, the only local university of its type in Fujian Province. To keep pace with the reform and the rapid economic development in the province, Fuzhou University is now on its development fast lane.
Version The past 40 years, especially the past 20 years, have seen the number of students enrolled jump from less than 2000 in 1978 to more than 10, 000 today and specialties offered cover almost all the economic and industrial sectors and fields in the province. A variegated pattern of school running has been created which includes graduate education, undergraduate education, short 2 -to-3 -year higher education programs, adult education and education programs for overseas students. As a result, the university has entered the list of 100 selected universities in China with additional resources for further development.
练习 白居易十六岁时，带着自己的诗稿去京城长 安，拜访老诗人顾况，希望得到他的指教。顾况 看他还是个孩子，就不怎么当回事，又看到诗稿 上的名字是“居易”就开玩笑地说：“长安这地方米 贵，在这里‘居’可不‘易’呀！”但当他读到“野火烧 不尽，春风吹又生”等诗句时，不禁拍案叫绝， 马上改变语气，郑重地说：“能写出这样的诗句， ‘居’下去是不难的，刚才是玩笑，不要见怪。”这 样，白居易的名字便传开了。
Version At the age of sixteen, Bai Juyi went to Chang’an, the imperial capital, bringing with him his poems, to see an old poet, Gu Kuang, hoping to get his guidance. Seeing he was only a child, Gu Kuang did not take him seriously and said jokingly about “”Juyi (meaning literally “easy (yi) to live (ju)”) on the manuscript, “Rice here in Chang’an is expensive. It’s not ‘yi’ to ‘ju’”. But he exclaimed, tapping his desk approvingly when he came upon such lines: No prairie fire can burn it utterly, The spring wind brings it back to life again. His while tone immediately changed and he said seriously, “A man who can write such wonderful lines won’t find it difficult to live here. Pardon me for joking. ” Soon the name Bai Juyi was widely known.
练习 社会透视：劝君别再凑热闹 一个扒手的自白 “人堆是我们作案的主要场所，一来人多了 我们好下手，二来这些人往往只顾热闹、轧闹 猛，对自己所带钱物很少注意，因此我们很容 易得手。” “到了街上，你不用愁找不到人堆，猴子耍 把戏，卖狗皮膏药的，还有其他各种滩头的前 面，都可以找到看热闹的人。即使一时没有地 摊，你也不用愁，街上骑车的、走路的这么多， 总有相撞一下，或口角一下的，这样又可以有 人堆了。实在没有人堆，可以制造。只要两个 人以假乱真，打上一架，保证马上有成百人围 观。”
Version A Perspective on Society: Please don’t join in the fun A Pickpocket’s Confession Crowded places are where we choose to pick and steal because it’s easy for us to start among a crowd and those people are so deep in the fun(what’s going on there) that they pay little attention to their purses and wallets. Our attempts can always come off without fail ( we get things /our job done easily).
Version In the street , it will never be difficult to find some crowds. There are curious crowds gathering in front of (around) jugglers (monkey shows), quacks(charlatans; mountebanks selling quack medicines) and stalls of all sorts. (In the street, you can always find crowds such as spectators around a circus, standers-by(bystanders) around a medicine peddler or onlookers before various stalls. ) I never feel worried without them. There are so much traffic (so many people walking or riding bicycles) in the street and things like clashes and quarrels always happen. They can attract crowds of onlookers. Crowds can even be made. (If you are not lucky enough to find a crowd, you can make one. ) If two persons start a pretended fight, I’m sure there will be hundreds of people gathering and watching. (A pretended fight will be enough to attract hundreds of people)
练习 黎明前的北平 天气一天比一天寒冷。北海公园的 湖上已结了厚厚的冰层，马路两旁树木 上的叶子已经落尽，只有光秃秃的树枝 在寒风中瑟瑟颤抖着。 北平已被强大的人民解放军包围， 城门紧闭，粮食、蔬菜、鱼肉都运不进 来。我们吃着早已准备的酱萝卜，有时 也用黄豆泡豆芽。
时不时可以听见解放军的炮声。但是北平 城内还有着数量庞大的国民党军队，虽然已如 瓮中之鳖，但如果负隅顽抗，仍将给人民的生 命财产造成巨大的损失。何去何从？急待抉择。 当时，统帅这批军队的傅作义将军在无可奈何 的情况下，邀请了北平的一些学者名流，征询 意见。 会场设在中南海内，空气异常严肃紧张。傅作 义将军作了简短的致词，表示愿意虚心听取大 家的意见。墙上的挂钟“滴答滴答”地响着，很 长时间没有人发言。大家只是用疑虑的眼光互 相探询着，担心如果发言要求和平解放北平， 会带来很大的风险。
最后，沉默的空气还是被打破了。 许多人纷纷发言，热烈希望傅作义将军 以北平人民的安全和保护故都文化胜迹 为重，尽量争取早日和平解放北平。 傅作义将军一直耐心而认真地听着 大家的发言。最后，他站起来，表示感 谢大家直言不讳。 会后，人们奔走相告，感到北平和 平解放的希望越来越大，漫长的黑夜终 于即将过去。
Version Peking before Dawn It was getting colder and colder. The lake in Beihai Park was already covered with a thick layer of ice. Trees on both sides of the road were stripped of all their leaves, leaving only their bare branches shivering in the icy wind.
Peking was then besieged by the mighty People’s Liberation Army. All the city gates were shut tight (strongly guarded), (shutting out all the food that was to come into the city)making it impossible to transport any food (grain, vegetable, meat and fish) from outside. Owing to the dwindling sources of food in the city, what we had for dishes were only (pickles)pickled radish which was prepared long before, and sometimes sprouts made of soybeans.
Every now and then came thundering of cannons fired by the PLA. In the city, there were still a large contingent of Kuomingtang Troops in garrison. Stricken animals as they were, they might (endanger)bring about great loss of people’s lives and properties if they continued to resist desperately. General Fu Zuoyi, then the commander of the troops, was placed in a dilemma whether to surrender to the PLA or put up a desperate fight at the sacrifice of the city and the people. In an attempt to find a way out, he invited some distinguished scholars and celebrities in Peking to meet with him for their suggestions and advices.
The meeting was held in Zhongnanhai, then the headquarters of Fu’s troops, with an unusual tension permeating the air. To start with , General Fu expressed in his brief opening speech his willingness to hear all kinds of opinions from those present. But after his speech, the whole room fell into silence. ( his speech was followed by an unusual silence). For a very long time, the only sound to be heard was the ticking of the wall clock. Glances of doubt and inquiry were exchanged and it was obvious that no one dared to speak because of the fear that they might be taking a great risk if they made any suggestion about giving up resistance.
Finally, someone found his voice to speak, breaking the silence and bringing the meeting to life. The participants, one after another, spoke to express their hope that General Fu would, valuing above everything else the safety of the people and the preservation of cultural and historical sites in the ancient capital, exert his efforts to do something for an earlier and peaceful liberation of Peking. All the while, General Fu listened with patience and attention. In the end, he stood up to express his appreciation to all the participants for their unreserved frankness.
The news spread around soon after the meeting. People in Peking were more and more assured that their hope for a peaceful liberation would come true and a long night of darkness would soon depart and a promising dawn was coming.
译文评价及改进 • “Farewell, Mr. Jack, ” said the Doctor, standing up, on which we all stood up. “A prosperous voyage out, a thriving career abroad, and a happy return home!” “一路平安，杰克先生，”博士站起来说道，于是我们大家 都站起来了。“在路上一个顺利的航程，在国外一种的事 业，在将来一个快活的还乡！” “再见，杰克先生，”博士站起来说道，于是我们大家都站 起来了。“祝您航程顺利！在海外事业发达/繁荣！早日衣 锦还乡！”
• “诸位记者！”他咳嗽了声，站了起来。但是那些正在谈笑 的招待对象，并未注意他的动作。连坐在附近的官方记者 也没有特别的反应。 “Reporters!” He coughed and stood up. These who were invited were only chattering and laughing without paying any attention to his gesture. Even the governmental reporters sitting nearby failed to make special response. “Ladies and gentlemen!” He cleared his throat and stood up. The reporters being treated were still chatting, paying no attention to him. Even the official journalists sitting nearby didn’t make any response.
Typical errors in ex. 7 • 经济上最强大的国家 the most economically mighty/powerful country ? the most economic country ? the strongest economic power ? the largest economy （最大的经济体） • 发生 occurring (of unpleasant events) happening/what’s going on
• 似乎不合情理 unreasonable paradoxical (combining opposing qualities , ideas, etc. ) • 内存 memory RAM (randomly accessible memory) built-in (内置） • 模拟 imitation simulation analog (vs. digital)
• 语言成分 ingredient/element component/constituent • 引人入胜、语义复杂 interesting/ravishing style, engrossing type of text… stylistically appealing and semantically complex • 非得由人来进行翻译不可 Only human beings can be the translators. Human translators will always be necessary.
Typical errors in translating “Playing chess” • Person: you, we, he; some of them, they ? • A severe threatens / when you post/poise(pose) a threat • Component opponent • In the forehead of your opponent, the blue veins pop out the blue veins stands out on the head / veins on his face blue veins standing out on his temples • Pinch his ears and face tweak his ears and scratch his cheeks (too literal, word for word) com. : scratch his head • Has to eat sth. Unpleasant/some dirt • Sweat beads / drops of perspiration stream com. : drops of cold sweat • 红头涨脸（如关公）Faces are as red as Guanggong/Guan Yu, a hero in Chinese history / his face is red through and through / flush crimson / flush as red are could be com. : flush with shame
• Feel spare energy in your body (行有余力） feeling carefree • Repent his false (a. /ad. ) mistake/error/folly/stupidity • He might burps? and yawns? ? Hiccup unceasing -ly • When plays ? (playing) chess • Use up all means /go to any absurd means com. : resort to every conceivable means • Positively? Negatively? (literal and word-for-word) • Hunting a rabbit (hare) • Phenomenons (phenomena)
Typical errors in translating “立论” • 立论 Make/present/demonstrate a point /a view/argument… On making/presenting… On expressing an opinion • 斜射出眼光 A light slanting over the glasses/a oblique glance Glancing sideways at me over his glasses • 一家人家生了男孩 A new-borned boy baby a household adds a baby boy When a son is born to a family • Every family members • When the boy is one month (old)
• 想得一点好兆头 Get some good signs/the good omen/good lucky marks expecting some compliments • The child is destined to be rich. The child is doomed to be an official *derogatory: death and destruction Men are doomed to die. • Clobber (Am. Slang) beat/beating
练习 深圳毗邻香港，珠海靠近澳门，汕头是因 为东南亚国家潮州人多，厦门是因为闽南人在 外国经商的很多，但是没有考虑上海在人才方 面的优势。上海人聪明，素质好，如果当时就 确定在上海也设立经济特区，现在就不是这个 样子。十四个沿海开放城市有上海，但那是一 般化的。浦东如果像深圳经济特区那样，早几 年就开发好了。开发浦东，这个影响就大了， 不只是浦东的问题，是关系上海发展的问题。 抓紧浦东开发，不要动摇，一直到建成。只要 守信用，按照国际惯例办事，人家首先会把资 金投到上海，竞争就要靠这个竞争。
Version Shenzhen is adjacent to Hong Kong, and Zhuhai is close to Macao. We chose Shantou because there are many natives of nearby Chaozhou living in Southeast Asian countries. Xiamen became a special economic zone because many natives of southern Fujian have emigrated to other countries and gone into trade. However, we did not take the intellectual advantages of Shanghai into account. Since the people of Shanghai are clever and well educated, if we had decided to establish a special economic zone here, the city would look very different now.
The 14 open coastal cities include Shanghai, but these have no special status. It would have been better to develop the Pudong District a few years ago, like the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. Development of the Pudong District will have a great impact on just the district itself but on all of Shanghai, which in turn will serve as a base for the development of the Yangtze delta and the whole Yangtze basin. So we should lose no time in developing the Pudong District and persevere until construction is completed. So long as we keep our word and act in accordance with international practice, foreign entrepreneurs will choose to invest in Shanghai. That is the right way to compete.
练习 中国在 15年内将成为世界上经济最 强大的国家。不管你做什么生意，中国 都会成为你的供应商、竞争对手、客户、 银行家、股东或合伙人的重要组成部分。 中国正在发生的事情将对我们整个制度 产生影响。
Version China will be the largest economy in the world within 15 years. No matter what your business is, Chinese will comprise/constitutes a significant portion of your suppliers, your competitors, your customers, your bankers and your stockholders or partners. What is happening in China will have consequences/results in substantial influences for our entire system.
练习 对于许多人来说，在当今计算机时 代还需要由人来作翻译似乎不合情理。 但是机器翻译出来的东西，其语言形式 通常是不自然的，而且有时候简直令人 不可思议。人的大脑不仅具有数字功能 和模拟功能，而且还有内存价值系统， 这个系统在语言成分分析上比起计算机 来有着不可估量的优势。对于任何文体 引人入胜、语义复杂的文本，非得由人 来进行翻译不可。
For many people the need for human translators seems paradoxical in this age of computers. But the results of machine translating are usually an unusual form of language and sometimes just plain weird/unbelievable. The human brain is not only digital and analog, but it also has a builtin system of values which gives it a componentially incalculable advantage over machines (in terms of analysis of language components). Human translators will always be necessary for any text which is stylistically appealing and semantically complex.
练习 下棋 梁实秋 有一种人我最不喜欢和他下棋，那便 是太有涵养的人。杀死他一大块，或者 是抽了他一个车，他神色自若，不动火， 不生气，好像是无关痛痒，使得你觉得 索然寡味。君子无所争，下棋却是要争的。
当你给对方一个严重的威胁的时候， 对方的头上青筋暴露，黄豆般的汗珠一 颗颗地在额头上陈列开来，或哭丧着脸 作惨笑，或咕嘟着嘴作吃屎状，或抓耳 挠腮，或大叫一声或长吁短叹，或自怨 自艾口中念念有词，或一串串的噎嗝打 个不休，或红头涨脸如关公，种种现象， 不一而足，这时节你“行有余力”便可以点 起一支烟，或啜一碗茶，静静地欣赏对 方的苦闷的象征。
我想猎人困逐一只野兔的时候，其愉 快大概略相仿佛。因此我悟出一点道理， 和人下棋的时候，如果有机会使对方受 窘，当然无所不用其极，如果被对方 ， 便努力作出不介意状，因为既不能积极 的给对方以烦恼，只好消极的减少对方 的乐趣。
Version l When you put him on the spot, you can expect to see blue veins standing out on his temples and drops of cold sweat the size of soybean appearing on his forehead. He will either wear a wan smile on his long face, or purse his lips in displeasure, or scratch his head, or let out a sharp cry, or sigh and groan, or bitterly repent his folly, or keep hiccupping unceasingly or flush with shame, and suchlike. And at such a moment, feeling carefree, you can light a cigarette or just take a sip from your teacup and savor the signs of your opponent’s discomfort.
The pleasure you have from it, I believe, is by no means less than that a hunter gets from a deadbeat hare at his mercy. And from this I have found out something--- when engaged in a game of chess, you should resort to every conceivable means to embarrass your opponent, and try hard to remain calm when yourself fall into difficulty. If you are unable to cause your opponent to suffer, why not try to let him find as little pleasure as possible from your trouble?
练习 立论 我梦见自己在小学校的课堂上准备作文，向老师请教立 论的方法。 “难！”老师从眼镜框外斜射出眼光来，对着我，说。“我告诉 你一件事——一家人家生了一个男孩，合家高兴透顶了。 满月的时候，抱出来给客人看，——大概是想得一点好兆 头。 “一个说：‘这孩子将来要发财的。’他于是得到一番感谢。 “一个说：‘这孩子将来要做官的。’他于是收回几句恭维。 “一个说：‘这孩子将来是要死的。’他于是得到一顿大家合力 的痛打。
“说要死的必然，说富贵的许谎。但说谎的得好报， 说必然的遭打。你……“ “我愿意既不谎人，也不遭打。那么老师，我得怎么 说呢？” “那 么 ， 你 得 说 ： ”啊 呀 ， 这 孩 子 呵 ！ 您 瞧 ！ 多 么 ………。啊唷！哈哈！’” （ 选自《野草集》）
Version On Expressing an Opinion I dreamed I was in the classroom of a primary school preparing to write an essay, and asked the teacher how to express an opinion. “That’s hard!” Glancing sideways at me over his glasses, he said, “Let me tell you a story---” “When a son is born to a family, the whole household is delighted. When he is one month old they carry him out to display him before the guests---usually expecting some compliments, of course. ” “One says: ‘This child will be rich. ’ Then he is heartily thanked. ”
“One says: ‘This child will be an official. ’ Then some compliments are made him in return. ” “One says: ‘This child will die. ’ Then he is thoroughly beaten by the whole family. ” “That the child will die is inevitable, while to say that he will be rich or a high official may be a lie. Yet the lie is rewarded whereas the statement of the inevitable gains a beating. You…” “I don’t want to tell lies, sir, neither do I want to be beaten. So what should I say? ” “In that case, say: ‘Aha! Just look at this child! My word…Oh, my! Oho! He, hehe!’” (From “Wild Grass”)
练习 南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋 的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数 风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一呈豪彦。 从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山，从祖冲之、葛 洪到李时珍、郑和，从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴 敬梓，从王羲之、顾凯之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石，还 有陶行知、杨廷宝等等，中国历史上一批杰出的 政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教 育家、建筑家等荟萃于此，在这块钟灵毓秀的土 地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。他们是中华民族的优 秀儿女。巍巍中山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他 们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才 大略、聪明才智为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流 光溢彩的新篇章。
南京，她自新中国建立以来发生的巨大而深刻 的变化更加令人欢欣鼓舞。“虎踞龙蟠今胜昔，天 翻地覆慨而慷”。从1949年 4月23日始，人民真正 成为这座古老城市的主人。金陵回春，古城新生， 昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。 人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京装扮 得面貌一新。特别是近十几年来，改革开放又给 这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力，崭新的 业、 通达的运输、如画的城市建设、兴盛的第三产业、 多彩的文化生活，都使这个具有古都特色的现代 都市焕发出勃勃英姿。孙中山先生所预言的：“南 京将来发达未可限量也！”正在逐步成为现实。 南京，这座古老而又年轻的历史文化名城， 是多么的可爱！
Version Nanjing—A Lovely City Boasting a galaxy of great men and (a series of immortal) glorious achievements that shine through the ages, Nanjing, a metropolis with special cohesive power, has attracted the greatest number of celebrities and people with lofty ideals to compete with each other for pioneering a great cause. There are such outstanding statesmen and strategists as Sun Quan, Xie An, Hong Xiuquan and Sun Yat-sen; brilliant scientists as Zu Chongzhi, Ge Hong, Li Shizhen and Zheng He; distinguished writers as Liu Xie, Xiao Tong, Cao Xueqing and Wu Jingzi; famous artists as Wang Xizhi, Gu Kaizhi, Xu Beihong and Fu Baoshi; well-known educators as Tao Xingzhi and renowned architects like Yang Tingbao, who had been here on this well-endowed land to make their splendid dreams perfect.
The towering Zhongshan Mountain and the rolling Changjiang River had nurtured these excellent children (offspring) of the Chinese nation and served as an arena for them to realize their aspirations, who in turn, had added splendid chapters to the brilliant annals of the Chinese civilization.
What is more exciting and inspiring are Nanjing's great and profound changes since the founding of New China, as are vividly described in the following lines by Mao Zedong, " The City, a tiger crouching, a dragon curling, outshines its ancient glories; In heroic triumph heaven and earth have been overturned. " The day of April, 23 1949 marked the beginning of an era when working people become the real masters of this hoary ancient city.
With her rebirth, Nanjing has waken from the nightmare of humiliations and disasters that had haunted her for too long. (This beautiful historic city has been bubbling with renewed vitality especially in the last decade or so when reform and opening-up program is going on in China. ) People are working hard on their own land give the old city an entirely new look. Especially in the last decade or so, China's reform and opening-up program has added renewed vitality to this beautiful historic city.
The newly-developed industries, the excellent communication networks, the beautifully-shaped urban construction, the booming tertiary industries and rich cultural activities, all these have combined to make this modern metropolis, mingled with features of an ancient capital, full of life and vigor. "The prospects for the development of Nanjing are boundless. " This presage by Dr. Sun Yat-sen is becoming a reality. How lovely is Nanjing, (—a century-old city but still young and well-known for her long history and rich culture!)a young city loaded with history and culture!
Typical errors in translating “Nanjing” • 堆砌人名 • Nanking (Nanjing) • people of the year celebrities • Sun Zhongshan (the father of modern China) Sun Yat-sen (the forerunner of Chinese democratic revolution) • 钟山the Zhong Mountain/Purple Mountain the Zhongshan Mt. • 凝聚力drawn by her unique appeal（感染/吸引力） cohesive power
• 注入活力 Infused new energy to full of life and vigor • New China was found(ed)/the foundation/build(v. ) of China the founding of PR China • in their land • historic known city • Newly built/born industries/brand-new industries (product) • 音译诗歌！ • 学生译文之间的重复！！！词、句、段
2005 英语专业八级试题 E---C It is simple enough to say that since books have classes--- fiction, biography, poetry--- we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning.
Do not dictate to your author; try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite.
2005 E—C 参考译文 然而，大多数人不知如何从书中得到应有的收获。 我们往往稀里糊涂或孤立单一地看待书本---苛 求小说反映真实，诗歌必是虚构，传记就是歌 功颂德，历史必须带上我们的一己之见。如果 看书时能摈弃这些固有偏见，那就是迈出了可 喜的一步。不要去支配作者的思想，尽量从他 的角度思考，与他共事、同谋。如果你一开始 就踌躇不前、固执己见、苛责挑剔，就是作茧 自缚，无法从书中充分受益。相反，如果你头 脑开明，自从读着头几句婉转复杂的句子，你 就会渐入佳境，明白奥妙无穷的隐含深义，从 而走进一个性格独特的人物的内心世界。
Typical errors in translating “生命之意义” • • • he always try best and …never waste time achievers …any principle based on which to judge. . since time immemorial, …achieved…treated , without wasting his time doing nothing. let the time split away from them silently. to draw a proper conclude…. from old…. drift through life. one’s being by
• . observing what are his attitude… • . easier/easy • . meaningfulness/sense of live
2005年 英语专业八级试题C--E 一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么 标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准 当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对 待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待 作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这 个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。 古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自 己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多 作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时 间白白浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民以 及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。
What is the significance of life? Is there any criterion for its measurement? Difficult as it is to advance an absolute one, it will not be so to judge the very meaning of one’s existence generally from whether he is serious about life and what his attitudes are towards work and life. Throughout the ages, all people of accomplishment take their lives seriously. As long as they are alive, they would rather devote themselves to more work and study than let a single minute slip by in vain. And the same is true of the common laborers as well as the great statesmen and thinkers in our country.
2006年英语专业八级试题E---C 中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲 学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万 物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统 治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西 方人为少为小；因为苦闷的强弱原是随着欲望 与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比 业 社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。况 中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要 的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫 利哀与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来，就 小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、 淡泊、朴实，比西方人容易满足。
Typical errors in translating “中华民族” • 中华民族 Chinese Nationalities ---- Chinese Nation • 高于一切 the highest/higher/superior/super creature above everything • 苦闷 pang/depression worries • 业/农业社会 industry/agriculture society industrial/agricultural society • 欲望小得多 less wants smaller desires
2006英语专业八级试题参考译文C--E The Chinese nation has never regarded human beings above everything. As reflected in its philosophy, arts and literature, man takes a proportionate position in nature with all creatures, rather than acting as an absolute ruler of them. Therefore, we have fewer and smaller worries than the westerners because the intensity of worries varies with the magnitude of desire and ambition. People in agricultural society enjoy far less than those in industrial society and as a result their desires are much smaller. In addition, the ancient Chinese took it as their prime philosophy of life not to be confined and driven by physical pleasures.
That does not follow that we have no misers, but they will pale in comparison with the misers and aspirants described by Moliere and Balzac. Most Chinese people are even-tempered, carefree, simple, and easier to be satisfied than the westerners.
2006年英语专业试题E---C On May 13, 1940, Winston Churchill, the newly appointed British Prime Minister, gave his first speech to Parliament. He was preparing the people for a long battle against Nazi aggression, at a time when England’s survival was still in doubt. “… I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many months of struggle and suffering. You ask, what is our policy ? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all our might and with all the strength God has given us and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime.
2006 英语专业八级试题E---C You ask, what is our aim ? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs – victory in spite of all terrors – for without victory there is no survival. Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. I feel entitled at this juncture. At this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, ‘ Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength’. ”
2006年英语专业八级参考译文E----C 我能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、泪水和汗水。我们 所面临的将是一场极为残酷的考验，我们面临 的将是旷日持久的斗争和苦难。 你若问我们的对策是什么？我的回答是抗战！海 陆空全方位的抗战！竭尽我们的全力和上帝赋 予的力量去打一场抗击黑暗悲哀的人类罪恶史 上最邪恶的独裁恶魔的战争！ 你若问我们的目标是什么？我可以用一个词来概 括，那就是胜利。不惜一切代价去夺取胜利， 不畏惧一切恐怖去夺取胜利，不论前路再长再 苦也要夺取胜利，因为没有胜利就无法生存！ 我们必须意识到，没有胜利就没有大英帝国， 没有胜利就没有大英帝国所象征的一切，没有 胜利就没有促使人类朝着自己目标奋勇前进这 一世代相传的强烈欲望和动力。
2007八级全真翻译题----英译汉 Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life. At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life on the planet, but the very life of the planet. Globalization is making the world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iran remind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.
Our world is bursting with knowledge - but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, when sound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and when individual lives grow more crazy, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs. For all these reasons I believed - and I believe even more strongly today - in the unique and irreplaceable mission of universities.
2007年英语专业八级参考译文E---C 科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲、物 质最基本的成分及生命的奇迹。 与此同时，今天，人类所做的及没能做到的 事情，不仅危害到地球上的生命，也危害到地球 （自身）的寿命。 全球化正在使这个星球/这颗行 星变得愈来愈小、愈来愈快和愈来愈富有。 尽管如此，9/11、禽流感及伊朗提醒我们， 更小更快的世界决不意味着其更安全。 我们正处于一个知识爆炸的世界之中，不过， 迫切需要智慧。现在，在（新闻采访的）原声摘 要播出变得愈来愈短，即时信息淘汰/取代了文章， 个人生活变得疯狂，此时此刻，世界所需要的是 能够深思熟虑的大学生。 考虑到这些理由，我过去信仰，而今天甚至 更加强烈地信仰大学独特的、无可取代的使命。
2007八级全真翻译题----汉译英 也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河 湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎 没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽 的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回 家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的 一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。 只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄 昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的， 像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那 可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯 的表情。
2007年英语专业八级参考译文C---E Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nurtured the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.
练习 一件小事（节选） 鲁迅 这是民国六年的冬天，大北风刮得正猛，我 因为生计关系，不得不一早在路上走。一路上几 乎遇不见人，好容易才雇定一辆人力车，教他拉 到S门去。不一会，北风小了，路上浮尘早已刮 净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 刚近S门，忽而车把上带着一个人，慢慢地倒了。
Version An Ordinary Incident (Excerpted) By Luxun That happened in the winter of the 6 th year of the Republic(1917). To make a living, I hurried to the road in the early morning despite the violent/biting northern wind. There were few people on the street and it took me great effort to hire a rickshaw and ask the wheeler to rush to the Gate S. Shortly a while later, northern wind slowed down, the road became clean, even whitened, shone; and dust free, the ‘Man’ (wheeler) ran even quicker. When we were approaching the Gate S, the handle of the rickshaw got a person and fell her slowly.
跌倒的是一个女人，花白头发，衣服都很破烂。伊从 马路边上突然向车前横截过来；车夫已经让开道，但伊的 破棉背心没有上扣，微风吹着，向外展开，所以终于兜着 车把。幸而车夫早有点停步，否则伊定要栽一个大筋斗， 跌到头破血出了。 A gray-haired lady in rags, rushing from the roadside suddenly, fell down to the ground in front of the rickshaw. Though the wheeler had already gave way to her, her cotton-padded waistcoat got the handle of the cart. Fortunately, the driver slowed down timely, or she must have fallen to ground heavily and got wounded seriously.
我这时突然感到一种异样的感觉，觉得他满 身灰尘的后影，刹时高大了，而且愈走愈大，须 仰视才见，而且他对于我，渐渐的又几乎变成一 种威压，甚而至于要榨出皮袍下面藏着的“小”来。 … All of a sudden, a totally different sense came to me. The back figure of the wheeler, full of dirt, grew taller and I had to lift my eyes to see him. Slowly the image of him seemed a solemnly high pressure to me, pressing the “selfishness” beneath my leather coat. /dwarfing me pressingly.
练习 通力（KONE）公司诞生于1910年。这一年，芬 兰的一家小机器厂从其传统业务——电机修理转为电 梯制造。1918年，这家年轻的公司设计并制造了最早 的四部芬兰国产电梯。 今天，通力是全球电梯和自动扶梯产业最大的供 应商之一，由芬兰的母公司（KONE Corporation） 及分布于40多个国家的子公司组成，拥有员 23， 000多名。 通力的产品由其在欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的各子公 司生产制造，并为全球的客户提供电梯、自动扶梯和 自动人行道的销售、安装及维护保养服务。同时，通 力也是开发环保节能产品的先锋，长久以来因其创新 性和技术的先进性获得了全世界的尊重。
Version KONE Corporation was established in 1910 in Finland, when a small machinery factory changed its traditional business, electric motor repairing to elevator manufacturing. In 1918 this young company designed and manufactured the first four units of Finnish made elevators. Today, KONE is one of the leaders in the global elevator and escalator business which consists of the parent company, KONE Corporation and its subsidiaries in over 40 countries with 23, 000 employees worldwide. KONE products are manufactured in Europe, Asia and North America. KONE offers a comprehensive range of products and services including sales, manufacturing, installation, modernization and maintenance of elevators, escalators and autowalks, KONE has also been a pioneer in introducing environmentally friendly products, which has gained it worldwide re-cognition as an innovator and technological leader.
练习 戈壁滩上的春天 四月底了，要在北京，这时候正是百花 盛开的好季节。但在戈壁滩上，春天还早 着呢。一出嘉裕关，你望吧，满眼是无边 的砂石，遍地只有一丛一丛的骆驼草，略 略透出点春意。四处有的是旋风，一股一 股的，把黄沙卷起多高，像是平地冒起的 大烟，打着转在沙漠上飞跑。说声变天， 一起风，半空就飘起雪花来，紧靠戈壁滩 的西南边是起伏不断的祁连山，三伏天， 山头也披着白雪。
可是不管你走的多远，走到多么荒凉的 地方，你也会看见我们人民为祖国所创造 的奇迹。就在这戈壁滩上，就在这祁连山 下，我们来自祖国各地的人民从地下钻出 石油，在沙漠上建设起一座“石油城”。这就 是玉门油矿。不信，你黑夜站在高岗上， 张眼一望，戈壁滩上远远近近全是电灯， 比天上的星星都密。北面天边亮起一片红 光，忽闪忽闪的。你心里定会赞叹说：“多 好的地方啊！哪像在沙漠上呢？” 摘自《杨朔散文选》
Version Spring in the Gobi It is the end of April. In Beijing, it would be in the middle of the blooming season. But in the Gobi desert, it is far too early for spring. Once out of Jiayu Pass, all you can see is boundless stretch of sand; and here and there turfs of camel grass, evoking some feeling of spring. Everywhere are whirlwinds, rising one after another, lifting smoke-like yellow sand from the ground and rapidly rolling and swirling about in the desert, As soon as the weather changes, with the slightest wind drifts of snow float down from the sky. In the hot summer, snow covers the peaks of the undulating Qilian Mountains which run along the southwest of the Gobi.
No matter how far you walk and what desolate places you come to, you will see the miracles created by our people for the motherland. Right under the Qilian Mountains and in the desert, a “petroleum city” has been built by the people from all over China. This is the Yumen Oilfield. If you do not believe it, just stand on top of a hill at night and look around. Far and near, electric lights in the desert are thicker that the stars in the sky. In the north, the sky flashes red from the refinery. You cannot help thinking: “What a wonderful place! It does not even feel like a desert!” (from A Selection of Prose Pieces by Yang Shuo)
2008年英语专业八级 汉译英 都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将 更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不 啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。 我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我 们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世 界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所 周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界，心 不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景 观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成 的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏 的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并 非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界 的明暗。
In fact, I think everyone has a small garden and that is his inner world. People’s intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner world. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually takes shape under the constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of his beloved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great anxiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of himself and his beloved ones.
2009 -2010八级考试翻译参考译文 2009 C-E Cell phone has altered human relations. There is usually a note on the door of a conference room, which reads “close your handset”. However, the rings are resounding in the room. We are all common people and have few urgencies to do. Still, we are reluctant to turn off the phone. Cell phone symbolizes our connection with the world and reflects our “thirst for socialization”. We are familiar with the scene when a person stops his steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at his phone, regardless of his location, whether in road center or beside restroom.
2009 E - C 我们人类，正面临着全球性的危机，我们的生存和 文明受到威胁。尽管我们聚在一起共商对策，而 灾难却在扩大，形势不容乐观。但也有令人欣喜 的消息：如果行动大胆果断，反应迅速，我们有 能力解决着场危机，避免其向最坏的方向发展。 但是，时下世界上的许多国家领导人可以用当年温 斯顿 • 丘吉尔批评欧洲诸政要忽视阿道夫 • 希特勒 的名言来形容，“它们在奇怪的悖论中前行，仅仅 为一个决定而犹豫不决，有了决心却拖泥带水， 掌权者虚弱无力。” 而如今我们又向这个星球脆弱的大气层倾倒了七千 万吨温室气体，把其当作天然排污口。明天我们 还会变本加厉，堆积的温室气体吸纳了越来越多 的太阳热度。
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