第十四章 语态转换译法 Translation of Passive Voice 退出
第十四章 语态转换译法 第 十 四 章 重 点 14. 1 顺译法 14. 1. 1 顺译成被动句 14. 1. 2 顺译成主动句 课堂互动 1 课堂互动 2 14. 2 倒译法 14. 2. 1 把by后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 14. 2. 2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 14. 2. 3 倒译成汉语的无主句 14. 3 分译法 14. 4 惯译法 课堂互动 3 课堂互动 4 第十四章综合练习及参考答案 综合练习 1 综合练习 2 2 综合练习 3 --end 退出
第十四章 语态转换译法 Translation of Passive Voice 语态转换译法指主动语态和被动语态的互 译，即把英语的被动语态的句子转译成汉语的 主动语态的句子, 或把英语的主动语态的句子 转译成汉语的被动语态的句子, 使译文显得地 道自然，符合汉语习惯。语态转换译法是一种 十分常见的翻译方法和技巧。 3 返回章重点 退出
英语中，尤其是科技英语中, 凡是不说出动 作执行者（施事者），或无从说出动作执行者 或者为了连贯上下文，使前后分句的主语保持 一致，为了使叙述的重点突出，语意连贯，语 气流畅，常用被动语态。在科技文章中，着力 所写的是事物、物质或过程，而不是动作的执 行者。在一般英语文体中，也常用被动语态， 有的是出于礼貌，有的是要使措辞婉转圆通， 有的则是为了着重事实真相和客观情景，而避 开动作执行者的身份等。 4 返回章重点 退出
例如：As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”. 5 译文：因为石油深 埋地下，所以单靠 研究地面还不能确 定有无石油储量。 因此，必须对地下 岩层结构进行地质 勘测。如果认为某 地域岩层含有石油， 那就在该处安装“钻 机”。钻机中最显眼 的部件叫做“井架”。 返回章重点 退出
It is used to lift sections of 续：井架用来升吊分节油 pipe, which are lowered 管，把油管放入由钻头打 into the hole made by the 出的孔隙中。当孔隙钻成 drill. As the hole is being 后，放入钢管以防止孔壁 drilled, a steel pipe is 坍塌。如发现石油，需在 pushed down to prevent 油管顶部紧固加盖，使石 the sides from falling in. If 油通过系列阀门流出。 oil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of 这段英语中有六句话，共 the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through 有十四个谓语动词，竟有十三 a series of valves (John Swales: 个用了被动语态，而汉语译文 Writing Scientific English). 中无一句是正规被动句。 6 返回章重点 退出
科技英语频繁使用被动语态，除了语言结构上的原因之外， 还有语义价值。总是把事物的名称作为主语放在突出的位置上， 用被动语态表述有关的动作或状态，突出表述客观事实，结构 简练。 汉语中习惯多用主动语态，大量使用无主句、形式主动意 义被动的句子以及判断句等。虽然由于文化的交流，受西方语 言的影响，被动语态的使用比过去有所增加，但仍很有限。英 译汉时，有一些仍需要保持被动语态，而在很多情况下决不能 总是恪守原句的语态，必须摆脱这种局限性，译成主动语态句。 这样才能使译文既在内容上忠实于原文，又在语言形式上通顺 自然，符合汉语表达方式。 7 返回章重点 退出
14. 1 顺译法 (Translation in Original Order) 既保留原文的主语，又要使译文主要成分的 顺序和原文大体一致的翻译方法就叫顺译法。 14. 1. 1 顺译成被动句 A. 译成 “被” 字句 所谓“被”字句，就是在汉语的动词前面加上一个“被 ”字来表示被动的句子。主要表示这个动作不利于受事者或 这个情况有点特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起读 者的注意。一般情况下，动作执行者（施事者）不出现，译 文按“动作接受者+被+动词”的顺序排列。表示“被”这一 动作是动作接受者（受事者）不乐意或不情愿接受的。 8 返回章重点 退出
例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated. 【译文】 维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。 例2：Once the flower has been pollinated and fertilized, the plant provides the newly formed seeds with a reserve of food materials, which will be needed when they themselves germinate. 【译文】花一旦被授了粉并受了精，植株就会对新生种子 提供养料贮藏，以备种子未来发芽之需。 9 返回章重点 退出
例3：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned union with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Brontë: Jane Eyre) 【译文】她以为一切都是公正合法的，做梦也没想 到过自己竟会被诱入欺诈婚姻的圈套，跟一个 骗子、疯子、十足的坏蛋缔结姻缘。 10 返回章重点 退出
B. 译成 “挨” 字句 “挨”仅用于翻译该动作是对动作接受者（受事者）不 利或不好的句子。 例1：The boy was criticized yesterday. 【译文】这孩子昨天挨了一顿批评。 例2：I was caught in the downpour. 【译文】我在大雨中挨浇了。 11 返回章重点 退出
C. 译成 “给” 字句 “给”也是用于翻译该动作对动作接受者（受事者） 不愉快或不愿接受的句子。 例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat. 【译文】我们的衣服给汗水湿透了。 例2：The crops were washed away by the flood. 【译文】庄稼给大水冲跑了。 例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【译文】路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车给拖走了。 12 返回章重点 退出
D. 译成 “叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、 加、加以、引以、为……所、经……所” 等字句， 用以加强说话、表达语气。 例1：You have been wetted in the rain. 【译文】你叫雨淋湿了。 例2：The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field. 【译文】γ射线不受电场影响。 13 返回章重点 退出
例3：A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake. 【译文】许多房屋建筑、道路桥梁在这次海啸中遭到 破坏。 例4：It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means. 【译文】这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以 处理。 14 返回章重点 退出
例5：I skirted fields and hedges and lanes till after sunrise. I believe it was a lovely summer morning: I know my shoes, which I had put on when I left the house, were soon wet with dew. But I looked neither to rising sun, nor smiling sky, nor wakening nature. 15 【译文】我沿着田野、 树篱的边缘，走过小径， 一直走到日上三竿。我 觉得今天是个美好的夏 日的早晨。我知道，我 出门时刚穿上的鞋子， 很快就让露水打湿了。 可是，我不看升起的太 阳，不看湛蓝美好的天 空，也不看正在苏醒的 大地。 返回章重点 退出
He who is taken out to pass 【续】 一个被押去断 through a fair scene to the 头台的人，路过美丽景 色的时候，是不会注意 scaffold, thinks not of the flowers that smile on his road, 路旁微笑的花朵的。他 but of the block and axe-edge; of想的只是利斧和砧板， 只是躯体的破碎和分离， the disseverment of bone and 只是最后等着他的张着 vein; of the grave gaping at the 大口的墓穴；…… end; . . . （Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre） 【解析】 原文描写简·爱一天凌晨从罗切斯特家出走时的情景。她 知道罗切斯特是爱她的，她也爱罗切斯特。但她又觉得这 是不可能的，便决定出走。从原文的字里行间可以看出她 当时的一种十分复杂矛盾的心情和悲伤但又充满感情的心 态。把其中的“were wet with”和“is taken out”分 别译为“让”和“被”，表现了她极不情愿的心理状态。 16 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成被动句 例1. The novel I had thrown away was chosen by the Book Society. 【译文】我一度扔掉的那部小说后来被书社选中。 例2. The sun and the earth are in a great group of stars；it is called the galaxy. 【译文】太阳和地球处于一个巨大的星群之中，这个星群 叫做银河系。 例3. The γ-rays are not affected by an electric field. 【译文】γ射线不受电场影响。 17 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成被动句 例4. The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery. 【译文】商品出厂前必须仔细地予以检查。 例5．Other processes will be discussed briefly. 【译文】其它方法将简单地加以讨论。 例6．The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century. 【译文】原子学说直到上世纪才为人们所接受。 18 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成被动句 例7．I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did. 【译文】我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。（译成“被” 字句） 例8．Premier Zhou is respected and loved by the people of the whole country. 【译文】周总理受到全国人民的尊敬和爱戴。（译成“被” 字句） 例9．The laws of motion will be discussed in the next article. 【译文】运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。（译成“被”字 句） 19 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成被动句 例10．It need not be said that all factors must be taken into consideration. 【译文】不用说，所有因素都必须考虑在内。（谓语分译） 例11. If this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent. 【译文】如果此项建议被接受，以后不得引以为例。 例12. A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer. 【译文】编译程序先由专家用机器代码编写好，然后储存在 计算机中。 20 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成被动句 例13. Therefore, when we are received with so much honour and so much kindness in this great country I believed that the People’s Republic of China is doing a very significant thing. 【译文】因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和 盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是具有 重大意义的。 21 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 1： 翻译句子, 顺译成被动句 1．Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded. 2．A program called a compiler was written by an expert in machine code and is stored in the computer. 3．Translation technique should be paid enough attention to. 4．The applicants interviewed are required to hand in some necessary material. 5．Television keeps us informed about current events at home and abroad. 22 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 1： 翻译句子, 顺译成被动句 6．His plain prose is enlivened by boundless curiosity, a very sense of humour and a falcon-sharp eye for detail. 7．The temperature of the earth is determined by the amount of solar heat which the atmosphere can keep. 8．He was beaten black and blue. 9．His father was killed before liberation. 10．With a true democratic system, he said, Egypt would not have been defeated by Israel in 1967. 23 返回章重点 退出
14. 1. 2 顺译成主动句 A. 顺译成形式是主动，意义是被动的句子 把英语句子顺译成主动句，其形式是主动，但从意 义和逻辑关系上看还是被动句。 例1：Love can not be forced. 【译文】爱情不能强求。 例2：Love and cough cannot be hidden. 【译文】爱情和咳嗽都无法隐藏。 24 返回章重点 退出
例3：My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving) 【译文】每逢假日的下午，我总要漫步周围的乡村。 例4：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine. 【译文】疾病必须先确诊，再用药。 25 返回章重点 退出
例5：This was a great stroke of fortune for the Allies, for this port, as soon as its approaches were cleared, was destined to become the principal supply base of Anglo -American armies. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich) 【译文】这对盟军来说是件大幸事，因为该港口的人 行通道一经清理，就可成为英美军队的重要供需 基地。 26 返回章重点 退出
B. 改变原文的谓语动词，顺译成主动句 如果把英语的被动句译成汉语的被动句，则不符合 汉语的语言习惯，所以常可将英语的被动句顺译成汉语 的主动句，原文的谓语动词是被动形式，可转变谓语， 顺译成汉语的主动形式。 例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer. 【译文】老师对回答感到满意。 例2：I am told you are careless. 【译文】听说你很粗心大意。 例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain. 【译文】这条大河发源于那座山。 27 返回章重点 退出
例4：Language is a precious possession; it has, in fact, been called the door to knowledge. Knowing how to use language effectively allows us to communicate more clearly, listen more critically, and read more efficiently. Beyond those practical benefits, an interest in words and their mastery provides a lifelong source of pleasure. 【译文】高超的语言水平乃宝贵财富。诚然，语言是打开 知识宝库大门的钥匙。语言运用得心应手，便能说 得清楚，听得明白，看得真切。推敲词字，斟酌语 句，受益匪浅，其乐无限。 28 返回章重点 退出
例5：Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by what everybody does or merely the criterion of “social usefulness. ” （J. W. Krutch: The New Immorality） 【译文】即便如此，我仍然坚持认为，对个人而言，最 重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深处的是非感， 并坚决以此行为处事的决心，而不是人云亦云，或 仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。 29 返回章重点 退出
C. 顺译成 “是……的” 结构 英语句子要着重表示的不是受事者受到了某个行动这样 一个事实本身，而是与这个行动有关的一些具体情况，如时 间、地点、方式、方法等。也就是说，句子里强调的是行动 的静态而不是动态的含义。这样就可以顺译成汉语的“是 ……的”的句式。其框架为“受事者——是——动词——的”。 用这种译法来表现原文陈述的意义，显得简便灵活。 例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. 【译文】这个怪念头是他哥哥想出来的。 30 返回章重点 退出
例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 【译文】美国的学分制是 1872年在哈佛大学首先实施 的。 例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre. 【译文】诗歌吟唱时是由七弦琴伴奏的。 例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain. 【译文】左耳是由大脑的右侧控制的。 31 返回章重点 退出
例5：Now, I say, man and, in general, every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will. In all his actions, whether they are directed to himself or to other rational beings, he must always be regarded at the same time as an end. (Immanuel Kant: Foundations of the Metaphysics of Ethics) 【译文】我认为：人，总之一切理性动物，是作为目的本身而 存在的，并不是仅仅作为手段给某个意志任意使用的。 我们必须在他的一切行动中，不管这行动是对他自己的， 还是对其他理性动物的，永远把他当作目的看待。（伊曼努 尔·康德：《道德形而上学基础》） 32 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例1：This problem will be discussed tomorrow. 【译文】这个问题将于明天讨论。 例2：The typewriter has not been used for twenty years. 【译文】这台打字机已有20年没用了。 例3：The work must be finished before Christmas. 【译文】这项 作必须在圣诞节前完成。 例4：Our univrity was built in 1952. 【译文】我校建于1952年。 33 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例5：The quality of our products has been greatly improved. 【译文】产品质量有了很大的提高。 例6：The car has been cleaned. 【译文】汽车擦干净了。 例7：A bald head is soon shaven. 【译文】光头好剃。/光头剃起来快。 例8：The story was based on the information from a reliable source. 【译文】这事信息来源可靠。 34 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例9：Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust. 【译文】钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 例10：Iron is extracted from the ore by smelting in the blast furnace. 【译文】铁是通过高炉冶炼从矿石中提取的。 例11：The dog mustn’t be killed. 【译文】 这狗不能杀。 例12：The avenue is flanked by rows of new buildings. 【译文】马路两旁是一排排新建大楼。 35 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例13：She was lost in the woods last night. 【译文】昨晚她在森林中迷了路。 例14：He is greatly attached to his work. 【译文】他非常热爱自己的 作。 例15：In this sense, bad thing can be turned into good things. 【译文】从这一点上说来，坏事也可以转变成为好事。 例16：Many basins were formed by the subsidence of the earth’s crust. 【译文】许多盆地都是由于地壳陷落而形成的。 36 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例17：Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky. 【译文】彩虹是阳光透过天空中的小水滴时形成的。 例18：Energy is defined as the ability to do work. 【译文】能的定义为做功的能力。 37 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例19：A melody is heard, played upon a flute. It is small and fine, telling of grass and tree and the horizon. The curtain rises. 【译文】横笛吹起，悠扬的旋律诉说着芳草绿地、佳树 林木、大地天涯，幕起。 38 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：顺译成主动句 例20：“As far as I was concerned, ” Roundstedt, who was reinstated on September 4 as Commander in Chief in the West, told Allied interrogators after the war, “the war was ended in September. ” (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich) 【译文】于9月4日恢复西线总司令职务的伦斯德，战后 对盟军讯问人员说：“对我个人来说，战争在九 月里就已经结束了。” 39 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 2： 翻译句子, 顺译成主动句 1．This is a question to be answered at once. 2．We are deeply touched by the hero’s loyalty to the cause. 3．The novels of Dickens have already been translated into many languages. 4．The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of agricultural science. 40 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 2： 翻译句子, 顺译成主动句 5．Wells and spring are supplied with underground water. 6．I was received by a tall, lithe, vibrant woman in her 70’s, white-haired, and still beautiful. 7．I hope that the resolution of the General Assembly will at last be respected by Member States and by Israel in particular. 8．It happened in one of those picturesque Danish taverns that cater to tourists and where English is spoken. (R. Zacks: The Date Father Didn’t Keep) 41 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 2： 翻译句子, 顺译成主动句 9．Scarcely had Hitler recovered from the shock of the July 20 bombing when he was faced with the loss of France and Belgium and of the great conquests in the East. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich) 10．Most of these writers were convinced that injustices existed in our economic system, and against these injustices they protested, but they had no wish to change the system itself; or if they did, though idealistic, Utopian schemes. 42 返回章重点 退出
14. 2 倒译法 (Translation in Reverse Order) 倒译法就是将英语被动句的主语汉译成宾 语的翻译方法。倒译法又分完全倒译法和部分 倒译法。完全倒译法不仅可将原文by后的宾语 倒译成汉语的主语，还可将原文其它介词的宾 语倒译成汉语的主语；部分倒译法译出的汉语 句子常是无主句。 43 返回章重点 退出
14. 2. 1 把 by 后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 【译文】然而，人类只利用了这种能量的一部分。 例2：Rivers are controlled by dams. 【译文】拦河大坝把河流控制住了。 例3：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism. 【译文】社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。 例4：Light and heat can be given to us by the sun. 【译文】太阳供给我们光和热。 例5：At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual. 【译文】一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。 44 返回章重点 退出
14. 2. 2 把其他介词后的宾语倒译成汉语的主语 例1：Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 【译文】出汗时人体散发热量。 例2：Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book. 【译文】这本参考书提供了大量的练习和问题。 例3：The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world. 【译文】全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。 例4：Fifty laboratories have been built in our school. 【译文】我们学校已建立了50个实验室。 例5：The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 【译文】四千年前中国发明了指南针。 45 返回章重点 退出
14. 2. 3 倒译成汉语的无主句 将原文主语倒译成汉语的宾语，译出的汉语 句子常是无主句。有时也会译成动宾词组作主语 的句子，这种译法更符合汉语习惯，通顺自然。 对于原文中未提及动作执行者（施事者）的句子 常可采取这种翻译方法。 例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first. 【译文】首先要确保产品的质量。 例2：The goods are urgently needed. 【译文】急需此货。 46 返回章重点 退出
例3：Smoking is not allowed here. 【译文】此处禁止吸烟。 例4：Children should be taught to speak the truth. 【译文】应该教育儿童讲真话。 例5：You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 【译文】书到后应立即付款。 47 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：倒译法 例1：You are hoped to do it more carefully. 【译文】希望你认真一点做。 例2：Human power is replaced by electric power. 【译文】电力代替了人力。 例3：Heart murmurs are frequently heard in these patients. 【译文】这些病人中常可听到心脏杂音。 例4：An ammeter was given to me by him. 【译文】他给了我一个电流表。 48 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：倒译法 例5：Table tennis is played all over China. 【译文】中国到处都在打乓乒球。 例6：You have been told so many times not to mention this. 【译文】已经告诉你多少遍不要再提这件事了。 例7：A decisive battle was fought near this city. 【译文】在这座城市附近，进行了一次决定性的战役。 例8：Very often, introductions are made using both first and last names. 【译文】常常是连名带姓一起介绍。 49 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子 1．Tremendous research work is required to bring about such fantastic speeds. 2．Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku. 3．The matter was never mentioned again ever since. 4．I am saying that if they are read in a historical order, the effort is rewarded. 5．Great strides have been taken in search of a cure, and preventative efforts have also been made. 50 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 3：运用倒译法翻译下列句子 6．The students should be enabled to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way. 7．His long, weekly editorial “Frankly Speaking” though sometimes turgid and repetitious is read by millions. 8．In September and October 1944 a half-million men were found for the army. But no provision was made to replace them in the factories and offices by women. (William L. Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich) 51 返回章重点 退出
14. 3 分译法 (Splitting Translation) 把原文的主语部分或被动式谓语动 词从原文中分出来，单独译成一个带主 语或不带主语的分句，放在句首，剩余 部分再译成一句或几句，跟在其后。 52 返回章重点 退出
14. 3. 1 “It + be + V. -ed + that-cl. ”结构 原句的主语是先行代词It，翻译时添加“有 人，人们，大家，我们”等作主语，常用于下列 结构中： It is asked that … 有人会问…… It is asserted that … 有人主张…… It is felt that … 有人感到……；人们认为……； It is preferred that… 有人建议…… It is recommended that … 有人建议……；有人推荐…… It is suggested that … 有人建议…… It is stressed that … 有人强调说…… 53 返回章重点 退出
It will be said that … 有人会说…… It is believed that … 有人相信…… It is estimated that … 有人估计…… It is announced that … 有人通知……; 有人宣称…… It is pointed out that … 有人指出…… It is claimed that … 有人宣称…… It is declared that … 有人提出…… It is described that … 有人介绍说…… It has been objected that …有人反驳说…… It is thought that … 人们认为……；有人认为…… It is taken that … 人们认为…… It is reputed that … 人们认为…… 54 返回章重点 退出
It is regarded that … 人们认为…… It is noticed that … 人们注意到……；有人指出…… It is noted that … 人们注意到……；有人指出…… It is sometimes asked that … 人们有时会问…… It was told that … 人们曾说…… It is supposed that … 人们猜测…… It is expected that … 人们希望…… It is hoped that … 人们希望…… It is still to be hoped that …我们仍应希望…… It is generally considered that … 大家认为…… It is well known that … 众所周知…… 55 返回章重点 退出
例1：It is pointed that there may be as many as 100, 000 different sorts of proteins in a man’s body. 【译文】有人指出人体内不同种类的蛋白质可多达 10万种。 例2：It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being. 【译文】人们知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以 使人体充满一种愉快的感觉。 56 返回章重点 退出
例3：During the enquiry, it was discovered that her death had not been an accident. 【译文】在调查中，人们发现她并非死于意外事故。 例4：It is generally assumed that the ascertainment and recording of facts is the technique of history, and that the phenomena in the province of this technique are the social phenomena of civilization. 【译文】一般人都认为考核和记录事实是历史的方法，在 这种方法使用范围以内的现象就是文明的社会现象。 57 返回章重点 退出
例5：Many Britons still praise Thatcher’s toughness in sticking with an economic experiment that is widely regarded as the first real test of the monetarist doctrine advocated by Nobel laureate and Newsweek columnist Milton Friedman. 【译文】许多英国人仍然赞扬撒切尔顽强地坚持她的经济 实验：这种实验，人们普遍认为是对诺贝尔奖金获 得者、《新闻周刊》专栏作家米尔顿·弗里德曼所提 出的货币主义理论的第一次真正的考验。 58 返回章重点 退出
14. 3. 2 “S + be + v. -ed + to-v. ”结构 原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时添加“有人，人 们，大家，我们”等，译成分句，其余部分分层译出。此结 构如下： S + be known to-V … 大家知道，…… /人们(都)知道，…… S + be held to-V … 人们认为，…… S + be considered to-V … 我们认为，…… S + be found to –V … 人们发现，…… S + be thought to-V … 有人认为，…… 59 返回章重点 退出
例1：All bodies on the earth are known to possess weight. 【译文】人们（都）知道，地球上的一切物质均具有重量。 例2：Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room. 【译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室看书。 60 返回章重点 退出
例3：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. 【译文】人们很早就知道油井的存在。 例4：She was much run after in her youth. 【译文】她年轻时，有许多人追求她。 61 返回章重点 退出
例5：We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man’s own labour, which property is alleged to be the ground work of all personal freedom, activity and independence. (Karl Marx: Manifesto of the Communist Party) 【译文】有人责备我们共产党人，说我们要消灭人们亲 自获得的、用自己的劳动获得的财产，消灭那种构 成一切个人自由、活动和独立的基础的财产。 62 返回章重点 退出
14. 3. 3 译成“据”字句 原句的主语也是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动 的部分译成“据……”，然后再按主谓顺序译出其余部分。 常见于下列句型结构。 S + be said to-V … 据说…… S + be reported to-V … 据报道…… S + be stated to-V … 据称…… S + be known to-V … 据了解…… 63 返回章重点 退出
例1：She is said to have studied English for three years. 【译文】据说她已经学了三年英语。 例2：The area is known to be rich in natural resources. 【译文】据了解，这个地区有丰富的自然资源。 64 返回章重点 退出
例3：The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it. 【译文】即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们 必须做好充分准备。 例4：The novel is said to be translated into English 【译文】那部小说据说即将译成英语。 65 返回章重点 退出
14. 3. 4 译成汉语的无主句 原句的主语是名词或人称代词，翻译时常把被动 的部分提出来根据时态、语气、语义灵活翻译成汉语 的无主句。 S + be now thought to-V … 现在认为，…… S + have been found to-V … 已经发现，…… S + should be pointed out that …应当指出…… S + may be safely said that … 66 可以有把握地说…… 返回章重点 退出
例1：It is now thought to have infoldings and outpouchings. 【译文】现在认为，它有内褶和外鼓。 例2：The so-called precious pearls have been found to be common stones. 【译文】已经发现，那些所谓的宝珠竟然是些普通的石头。 例3：You are cordially invited to a party to be given at the Teachers’ Club at 3 p. m. Nov. 23. 【译文】谨订于11月23日下午3时在教师俱乐部举行晚会， 敬请光临。 67 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：分译法 例1：It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousands years ago. 【译文】众所周知，中国在四千年前发明了指南针。 例2：It is known that a common form of thermometer is the mercury thermometer. 【译文】大家都知道，常用的温度计是水银温度计。 68 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：分译法 例3：As the same time it is agreed that all Americans, whatever their origins, must learn to speak English clearly and fluently, and they must learn to adapt themselves to the American way of life. 【译文】同时，人们普遍认为，每一个美国人，不管出 身如何，都必须学会说一口清晰流畅的英语，必 须适应美国的生活方式。 69 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：分译法 例4：Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 【译文】人们发现，自然界有许多元素都是由各种不同的同 位素混合组成的。 例5：Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room. 【译文】有人看见小德里克在阅览室里看书。 例6：It is clear that a body can be charged under certain condition. 【译文】很清楚，在一定条件下物体能够带电。 70 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：分译法 例7：The point has not been covered yet. 【译文】这一点还未谈到。 例8：I am convinced that she is honest. 【译文】我相信她确实是诚实的。 例9：The prisoners were allowed to write censored letters to their family. 【译文】囚犯可以给家人写信，但信件必须经过检查。 71 返回章重点 退出
补充例句：分译法 例10：I think something like my bafflement has been felt by other boys (and by girls as well) who grew up in dirt-poor farm country, in mining country, in black ghettos, in Hispanic barrios, in the shadows of factories, in Third World nations—any place where the fate of men is as grim and bleak as the fate of women. (S. R. Sanders: Women and Men) 【译文】我想，生长在赤贫乡村、矿区、黑人贫民窟、讲西班牙 语居民的聚集区、 厂附近以及第三世界国家，其男生（ 以及女生），同样也感到有些困惑不解——因为但凡在这 样的地方，男人的命运和女人的命运一样凄怆悲凉。 72 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 4：运用分译法翻译下列句子 1．Guilin is known to be one of the most beautiful places in China. 2．Hydrogen is known to be lightest element. 3．It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 4．The lecture is considered very important for beginner. 5．Our teacher was seen (to be) working in the office. 73 返回章重点 退出
课堂互动 4：运用分译法翻译下列句子 6．Yet, what we say here will not be long remembered. What we do here can change the world. 7．It has been realized that wildlife is extremely important to us. 8．It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creature force by stimulating the thinking of its listeners. 9．Not very many years ago, it was supposed that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea. 10．It is universally acknowledged that airline food is awful. 74 返回章重点 退出
14. 4 惯译法（Habitual Translation） 惯译法就是习惯译法。一般是把 “It+ be + v. -ed + that-cl. ” 结构的句子， 按照汉语习惯译为 “据……” 字句或者 汉语的无主句，或可以与分译法互换，这 只是汉语的语言习惯而已。 75 返回章重点 退出
14. 4. 1 “It+ be + v. -ed+ that-cl. ”结构，译成“据 ”字句，常见于下列句型结构： It is said that … 据说 …… It is reported that … 据报道……；据通报…… It is supposed that … 据推测…… It is learned that … 据闻……；据说 …… It is considered that … 据估计…… It is announced that … 据称…… It is stated that… 据说…… It has been illustrated that …据说明……；据图示…… It was described that … 据介绍…… It is predicted that … 据估计…… It is demonstrated that … 据证实…… It is estimated that… 据估计…… It is claimed that … 据称…… 76 返回章重点 退出
14. 4. 2 译成汉语的无主句 这种译法只适用“It is + v. -ed + that-cl. ”固 定句型，其“that”之后的从句跟具体引述的内容。 It is hoped that … It is understood that … It is supposed that … It is predicated that … It is expected that … It is suggested that … It is demonstrated that … It is recommended that … It is preferred that … It is decided that … 77 希望…… 不用说……；很清楚…… 假定…… 预计…… 预期…… 有建议……；建议…… 已经证明…… 最好……；建议…… 最好…… 已经决定…… 返回章重点 退出
It was so decided that … 就此决定…… It is arranged that … 已经商定……；已做准备…… It is assumed that … 假定……；假设…… It is hypothesized that … 假设……；假说…… It is accepted that … 普遍认为…… It is agreed that … 通常认为…… It is proposed that … 一般认为…… It is learned that … 已经查明…… It is enumerated that … 列举出…… It is weighed that … 全衡了……；考虑了… It is outlined that … 概括地说…… It is established that … 可以肯定…… It is requested that … 请…… It may be safely said that … 可以有把握地说…… It can be clearly seen that … 可以清楚地看到…… It was made beyond any doubt that … 毫无疑问…… 78 返回章重点 退出
英汉两种语言都有被动语态，有时可将英语被 动句翻译成汉语的被动句，但多数情况下，并不保 留被动结构，而译成主动结构。由于英汉两种语言 在使用被动结构方面的差异，有时虽然汉译成主动 句，但仍带有被动意义。不管怎么说，被动结构在 汉语中的活动空间不像英语中那么广泛，没有太多 的文章可作，所以，翻译时可根据具体情况，选择 最好的方法，用最合适的结构，用最优美的文字， 提高译文的可读性和可接受性。 79 返回章重点 退出
1．将下列英语被动语态的句子译成“是……的”汉语结构句 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 1) The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre. 【译文】诗歌吟唱时是用七弦琴伴奏的。 2) Everything in the world is built up from atoms. 【译文】世间万物都是由原子组成的。 3) This book was written by our teacher ten years ago. 【译文】这本书是我们老师十年前写的。 4）This matter will be looked into in the future. 【译文】这件事将来是要查明的。 5）She was very put about it. 【译文】她对这一点是很在意的。 80 返回章重点 退出
第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 1. 将下列英语被动语态的句子译成“是……的”汉语结构 句 6) It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 【译文】大家都认为这样做是不妥的。 7) The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. 【译文】那部科幻小说是我的一位朋友译成中文的。 8) He (Barrymore) then continued his walk down the alley. His (Sir Charles’) body was found at the end of it. 【译文】然后，巴里莫尔继续沿着小道走下去。查尔斯爵 士的尸体就是在小道的尽头发现的。 81 返回章重点 退出
第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 1．将下列英语被动语态的句子译成“是……的”汉语结构 句 9) In the present war allegedly for human rights, damages are made by computers, not by the weapon in a warrior’s hand. 【译文】在这场所谓的为人权而斗争的战争中，破坏是由 计算机造成的，而不是由战士手中的武器造成的。 10）And the astonishing thing is that this most dangerous operation was organized by a young attractive twenty-three-year-old Belgian girl, Andree De Jongh by name. 【译文】令人惊奇的是，这个极其危险的作战行动是由一 个年轻貌美的比利时姑娘组织的，她的名字叫安德·岱 荣，年仅23岁。 82 返回章重点 退出
2．将下列句子译成汉语无主句 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 1) Cutting tools should be inspected carefully prior to use. 【译文】使用前，对刀具应作仔细的检查。 2) Attention should be paid to safety. 【译文】必须注意安全。 3) Everything must be made the best use of. 【译文】应当物尽其用。 83 返回章重点 退出
2．将下列句子译成汉语无主句 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 4) The value of true friendship is seldom known until it is lost. 【译文】总是在失去友谊时才感到真正友谊的可贵。 5) Felling trees is forbidden. 【译文】禁止砍伐树林。 6) Quality mustn’t be neglected. 【译文】千万不能忽视质量。 84 返回章重点 退出
2．将下列句子译成汉语无主句 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 7) The application has been improved. A number of new features have been added and a number of bugs have been fixed. 【译文】已改进了该应用程序，增加了一些新的功能，同 时也纠正了一些错误。 8）It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 【译文】美国人一生中在乏味而令人厌烦却又躲避不掉的 等待上所耗费的时间估计竟达五年之多。 85 返回章重点 退出
2．将下列句子译成汉语无主句 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 9) From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed. (Karl Marx: Manifesto of the communist Party) 【译文】从中世纪的农奴中间产生了初期城市的自由居 民；从这个市民等级中间发展出最初的资产阶级分子。 86 返回章重点 退出
2．将下列句子译成汉语无主句 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 10) One revolution, one Republic of Panama established, and one year later the treaty was signed, and the Americans went on to build the Panama Canal. 【译文】一场革命后，巴拿马共和国诞生了。一年后签订 了条约，美国人继续修筑巴拿马运河。 87 返回章重点 退出
3. 段落翻译：A Defense against Cancer can be Cooked up in Your Kitchen 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 There is evidence that diet and cancer are related. Some foods may promote cancer, while others may protect you from it. Foods related to lowering the risk of cancer of the larynx and esophagus all have high amounts of carotene, a form of Vitamin A which is in cantaloupes, peaches, broccoli, spinach, all dark green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes, carrots, pumpkin, winter squash and tomatoes, citrus fruits and Brussels sprouts. 88 【译文】 烹制防癌食物 有证据证明癌症与饮食 有关。有些食物可能致癌， 有些食物则可能防癌。 例如，可防喉癌、食道 癌的食物都含有大量的胡萝 卜素。胡萝卜素是维生素A 的一种形式，存在于甜瓜、 桃、硬花甘蓝、菠菜、深绿 叶蔬菜、红薯、胡萝卜、南 瓜、冬瓜、番茄、柑橘类水 果及芽甘蓝之中。 返回章重点 退出
3. 段落翻译 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 Foods that may help reduce the risk 【续】 卷心菜、硬花甘蓝、芽 of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract cancer are cabbage, broccoli, Brussels 甘蓝、球甘蓝和菜花是能 帮助减少患胃、肠、呼吸 sprouts, kohlrabi, cauliflower. 道癌症危险的食物。 Fruits, vegetables, and wholegrain 水果、蔬菜及纯谷物 cereals such as oatmeal, bran and wheat 食品，如燕麦片和小麦等， 可帮助降低患直肠癌的可能。 may help lower the risk of colorectal cancer. Foods high in fats, salt, or nitritecured foods like ham, and fish and types of sausages smoked by traditional methods should be eaten in moderation. Be moderate in consumption of alcohol also. 89 高脂肪食物、含盐高 的食物、或亚硝酸盐处理 过的食物，如火腿、咸鱼、 用传统方法熏制的各类香 肠，食用应适量。饮酒也 要有节制。 返回章重点 退出
3. 段落翻译 第 十 四 章 综 合 练 习 及 参 考 答 案 A good rule of thumb is cut down on fat and don’t be fat. Weight reduction may lower cancer risk. Our 12 -year study of nearly a million Americans uncovered high cancer risks particularly among people 40% or more overweight. Now, more than ever, we know you can cook up your own defense against cancer. So eat healthy and be healthy. No one faces cancer alone. 90 【续】 少吃高脂肪食物、避免发胖 是实践得出的一条有益经验。减 轻体重可降低患癌危险。对近 100万美国人进行的为期 12年的 研究发现，超重的人 40％以上属 于癌症高发人群。 现在，人们比以往更清楚地 了解如何能够在厨房不做出防癌 食品。吃益于健康的食品并保持 健康吧。 大家行动起来，共同对付癌 症。 返回章重点 退出
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