法医学鉴定 蔡继峰 教授、博导 中南大学湘雅基础医学院法医学系 湖南省湘雅司法鉴定中心 Tel： 13237478468 Email：cjf_jifeng@163. com Web：www. hnxysfjd. com
Forensic Medicine Appraisal ji-feng CAI Professor, Ph. D Student Supervisor Central South University Xiangya Medical College Hunan Xiangya Judicial Authentication Center
一、法医学鉴定 Medical Expertise
（一）司法鉴定 是指在诉讼活动中鉴定人运用科学技术或者专门 知识对诉讼涉及的专门性问题进行鉴别和判断并提 供鉴定意见的活动。
（一）judicial appraisal refers to the expert witness in litigation activities using science and technology or specialized knowledge to identify special issues involved in the litigation and judgment and to provide expert opinion.
法律依据 《刑诉法》第 144条：为了查明案情，需要解决案件中某 些专门性问题的时侯，应当指派、聘请有专门知识的人 进行鉴定。 第 145条 鉴定人进行鉴定后，应当写出鉴定意见，并且 签名。 鉴定人故意作虚假鉴定的，应当承担法律责任。 第 146条 侦查机关应当将用作证据的鉴定意见告知犯罪 嫌疑人、被害人。如果犯罪嫌疑人、被害人提出申请， 可以补充鉴定或者重新鉴定。
Legal basis: the National Criminal Procedure law ; the 144 th item: when special problems relating to a case need to be solved, people with specific knowledge shall be assigned for identification. The 145 th item: after verification, the expert shall make an opinion in writing, and do the signature. If an expert intentionally makes a false verification, he shall bear legal responsibility. The 146 th item: the investigation organ shall be used as evidence of expert opinion to inform the criminal suspect or the victim. If applying the criminal suspect or the victim, a supplementary expert verification or another expert verification is needed.
（二） 法医学鉴定 应用法医学的知识和技能对诉讼案件涉及的活 体或尸体及其组织、体液、分泌物等进行检验并作 出科学判断，就某些专门性问题作出意见，报告给 委托机关的过程。
（二）the forensic application Applying forensic science knowledge and skills to exam living or dead bodies and organizations involved in the litigation, body fluids, secretions, etc to test and make a scientific judgment, then make certain special, report for the entrusted authority process.
1. 法医学鉴定的种类 法医病理 法医临床 法医物证 司法精神病 法医毒物分析
1. Species of forensic identification Forensic pathology Forensic clinic Forensic evidence Judicial psychiatry
2. 法医学鉴定构成要素 法医学鉴定机构 法医学鉴定人 法医学鉴定程序 法医学鉴定文书 鉴定意见的审查判断
2. Elements of Forensic appraisal Forensic expert witnesses Forensic medicine appraisal program Forensic identification documents Evaluation of audit judgment
3. 法医学鉴定属性 科学性 合法性 中立性
3. the nature of forensic Appraisal （1）being scientific （2）being lawful （3）being neutral
法医学鉴定的科学性 法医鉴定人的学识渊博程度和水平，及其在这方 面的经验； 鉴定过程中所采用的手段、技术和方法的科学性、 可靠性、特异性以及灵敏程度； 检验和鉴定的客体均应具备或满足检验或鉴定所 需要的条件。
Scientification of Forensic appraisal The degree of knowledgeable of forensic expert witnesses and level, and the experience in this field; Identify the means, technology and methods adopted in the process of scientific nature, reliability, specificity and sensitivity degree; The object of inspection and verification shall be meet or meet required for inspection or identification conditions.
此外，法医学鉴定意见应该确切，不能模棱两 可。有时尚须与现场勘验记录、调查案件所作 的访问笔录和案情调查报告、证人的证词、被 害人或嫌疑对象乃至被告提供的情况相印证， 方能确定其正确性，成为有法律效力的证据。
In addition, the forensic medicine appraisal opinions should be exact, and not ambiguous. they should be in fashion with the record of inspection, investigation, record and the case of survey report. the testimony of the witness, the victim or the situation of the suspect and the defendant are included todetermine the correctness.
5. 法医学鉴定的原则 （1）依法鉴定的原则； （2）鉴定的客观性原则； （实事求是、科学鉴定） （3）鉴定的独立性原则； （4）鉴定的时限性原则； （5） 鉴定的保密性原则。
5. The principle of forensic medicine identification （1） In accordance with the appraisal principle; （2） Identify the objectivity principle; (seeking truth from facts and scientific appraisal) （3）The independence of the appraisal principle; （4）The timing of the appraisal principle;
二. 法医学鉴定人 被司法机关指派、聘请、委托，用自己的专门知识 对案件中的法医学问题进行检验和鉴定的专门人员。
II. Concept of medicolegal expert（ expert witness ） Generally speaking, it is referred to the specialist who is entrusted by court or other organizations to perform expertise of forensic medicine to the medicolegal problems in a case with specialized knowledge and skills of forensic medicine.
法医学这门学科，不是医学其它学科所 能代替的，因此，法医学鉴定人必须受过法 医学的专门训练，具备从事法医学鉴定必需 的知识、技术和经验。 1. 具有专门知识和技能； 2. 与案件没有利害关系； 3. 鉴定人是自然人。
Forensic medicine can not be replaced by other medical disciplines. Forensic expert witnesses must undertake special training in forensic medicine and the forensic identification practice 1. With specialized knowledge and skills; 2. Not be concerned to the case; 3. The surveyor is a natural person.
鉴定人的种类 1. 司法机关内部设置的从事法医学鉴定的人员. 2. 在司法行政管理部门注册，取得了执业资格和鉴定 资格，在法医学鉴定机构从业的法医鉴定人. 3. 司法机关根据案件需要，临时聘请的具有法医学专 门知识的人员． 与英美法系不同大陆法系国家通常实行司法鉴定人登 记名册制
Classification of Appraisers personnel engaged in forensic identification in judicial organs. 2. The personnel registered in judicial administrative department who have obtained the qualification and certification qualifications, or forensic expert witnesses in forensic institutions. 3. The judicial organs according to the requirements of the case, temporary ily-hired forensic expertise. Different from common law system of in foreign countries, our nation generally implements the judicial appraiser system of registries.
法医学鉴定人通常指： (1)各级公安局(厅)、法院和检察院的专职法医； (2)医学院校法医学系或法医学院的法医学教师； (3)有丰富医学学识和经验的临床医师。
Forensic expert usually refers to: (1) professional forensic practioners in the public security bureau (hall), courts and procuratorates at various levels; (2) teaching faculty in department of forensic medicine colleges or forensic institutes; (3) people with qualified medical knowledge and experience of clinical physicians.
在美国, 法医鉴定人要经过严格的医学训练, 需获 得三个证书。即经过8年制的医学教育（在普通大学 学习 4 年公共基础课程，在医学院学习 4年医学课程） 获得医学博士学位证书后, 再经过4年病理住院医生 训练、通过国家病理学考试委员会统考后，获得美国 病理学委员会证书, 还要经过 1 年在州指定的法医 局进行法医病理住院医生的训练, 其间法医尸检例数 不少于400例, 最后经全国统考后方可获得法医学从 业资格证书，才能成为有鉴定资格的法医病理学鉴定 人。
In the United States, forensic expert should pass strict medical training and obtain the three certificates. Namely after eight years of medical education (public foundation course in ordinary university four years, four years in medical school medical courses) get medical doctor degree. After 4 years of pathology resident training, through the national pathology examination committee the forensic wxpert is to obtain certificate of pathology committee in the United States, even after 1 year specified in the state of forensic bureau of forensic pathology resident training, during which forensic autopsy cases of not less than 400 cases, The final forensic practitioner's qualification certificate can be obtained only through national unified examination.
法医学鉴定人权利： (1)有权了解为鉴定所必需的案卷材料，如查阅勘验、 检查笔录等； (2)为鉴定的需要，经司法人员许可，可以询问当事人 和证人； (3)必要时，有权要求参加现场勘验、尸检等侦查实践； (4)鉴定人有权要求进一步明确鉴定目的或补充鉴定所 需要的材料。 (5)意见不一致时，鉴定人有权写出自己的鉴定意见。 (6) 鉴定人有权向委托单位了解鉴定后案件处理情况
Rights of Forensic expert (1) with the right to know the identification required for the case file, such as access to an inquest or examination record; (2) for the needs of identification , with the permission of the judicial personnel and the rights to inquriy the two parties and also the witnesses; (3) with the right to require for on-site inspection in autopsy investigation practice; (4) with the right to demand further defined purpose or supplementary identification for required materials. (5) If disagrement occurs, an appraiser shall have the right to keep to his own opinions. (6) with the right to trace the entrusted case after
法医学鉴定人权利： 鉴定人拒绝鉴定的理由： 委托鉴定的目的是鉴定人在目前技术条件和知识水平 下无法解决的问题； 所提供的鉴定资料不足或者已经失去鉴定时机，影响 鉴定意见或根本无法鉴定； 被鉴定人拒绝接受检查； 委托人主观上不积极配合，或不提供必要的协助，致 使鉴定无法完成。
Rights of Forensic expert the conditions to decline the identification: the case is beyond the knowledge and skill of forensic expert; when the identification data are insufficient or with poor timing, which affect the appraisal opinions or the identification becomes impossible; the appraised refused to accept the inspection; the appraised offers no cooperation or does not provide necessary assistance.
法医学鉴定人义务： (1)勘查现场； (2)书写鉴定书； (3)出庭宣读鉴定意见； (4)出庭接受质询。
Obligations of Forensic expert : (1) to explorate the site; (2) to write identification report; (3) to appear in court and present the appraisal opinions; (4) to appear in court for questioning.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 5条 司法鉴定实行鉴定人负责制度。司法鉴定人应当 依法独立、客观、公正地进行鉴定，并对自己作出的鉴 定意见负责。司法鉴定人不得违反规定会见诉讼当事人 及其委托的人。
the "general principles of the judicial authentication" item 5: The judicial appraiser shall be conducted in accordance with the independent, objective and fair evaluation, and shall be responsible for appraisal by the opinion. The judicial appraiser shall not violate the regulations, meeting with the litigants and entrusted by the people.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 9条 司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人进行司法鉴定活动应 当依法接受监督。对于有违反有关法律、法规、规章规 定行为的，由司法行政机关依法给予相应的行政处罚; 对于有违反司法鉴定行业规范行为的，由司法鉴定协会 给予相应的行业处分。
Item 9: Judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraiser for judicial authentication activities shall be subject to supervision according to law. For violation of the relevant laws, regulations, rules and regulations of behavior, and give corresponding administrative punishment by the judicial administrative organs in accordance with the law; For violations of judicial appraisal industry norms, give corresponding industry by the judicial authentication association disciplinary action.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 10条 司法鉴定机构应当加强对司法鉴定人执业活动 的管理和监督。司法鉴定人违反本通则规定的，司法鉴 定机构应当予以纠正。
Item 10: a judicial authentication institution shall strengthen the management of the judicial appraiser practising activities and supervision. In violation of the provisions of the general principles of the judicial appraiser, the judicial authentication institution shall make correction.
三、法医学鉴定的程序 Procedure of Forensic medical appraisal
（一）法医学司法鉴定的委托与受理 The entrusting and accepting of Forensic judicial identification
《司法鉴定通则》 第 11条 司法鉴定机构应当统一受理办案机关的司法鉴 定委托。
Item 11: the judicial authentication institution shall accept the case of entrusted judicial appraisal
《司法鉴定通则》 第 12条 委托人委托鉴定的，应当向司法鉴定机构提供 真实、完整、充分的鉴定材料，并对鉴定材料的真实性、 合法性负责。司法鉴定机构应当核对并记录鉴定材料的 名称、种类、数量、性状、保存状况、收到时间等。 诉讼当事人对鉴定材料有异议的，应当向委托人提出。 本通则所称鉴定材料包括生物检材和非生物检材、比对 样本材料以及其他与鉴定事项有关的鉴定资料。
Item 12: the entrusting shall provide true and complete imformation to the judicial authentication institutions andbe responsible for authenticity, legitimacyof the identification of materials. Judicial authentication institution shall check and record the name of the material, type, quantity, character, condition and received time. When Litigants object to the identification of materials, they shall refer to the clients. identification materials include biological and non-biological examination, the comparison sample materials and other information related to identification of appraisement.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 13条 司法鉴定机构应当自收到委托之日起 7个 作日 内作出是否受理的决定。对于复杂、疑难或者特殊鉴定 事项的委托，司法鉴定机构可以与委托人协商决定受理 的时间。
item 13: Judicial authentication institution shall make a decision on whether to accept the case within 7 working days from the date of receiving the delegate. For complex, difficult, or special cases, authorization of appraisement of judicial authentication institutions should consult with the client to reach a agreement on time of identification.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 14条 司法鉴定机构应当对委托鉴定事项、鉴定材料 等进行审查。对属于本机构司法鉴定业务范围，鉴定用 途合法，提供的鉴定材料能满足鉴定需要的，应当受理。 对于鉴定材料不完整、不充分，不能满足鉴定需要的， 司法鉴定机构可以要求委托人补充; 经补充后能够满足 鉴定需要的，应当受理。
Item 14 : the judicial authentication institution shall review the material of entrust appraisement, for the case within professional scope and with legal pirpose, , the institution should accept the application. For cases with incomplete, insufficient materials, , the judicial authentication institutions may require clients to supplement and accept the case after supplement of the materials.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 16条 司法鉴定机构决定受理鉴定委托的，应当与委 托人签订司法鉴定委托书。司法鉴定委托书应当载明委 托人名称、司法鉴定机构名称、委托鉴定事项、是否属 于重新鉴定、鉴定用途、与鉴定有关的基本案情、鉴定 材料的提供和退还、鉴定风险，以及双方商定的鉴定时 限、鉴定费用及收取方式、双方权利义务等其他需要载 明的事项。
Item 16: Judicial authentication institutions entrusted by the decision to accept the appraisal, the power of attorney shall be signed with the principal judicial identification. Judicial appraisal of the power of attorney shall specify the principal matters entrusted by name, the judicial authentication institutions, whether to belong to the new appraisal, appraisal purpose, basic facts related to the identification, provide for the identification of the material and return, risk identification, as well as agreed time limit of the identification, appraisal charge and charge mode, the rights and obligations, etc. Other items need to be stated.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 17条 司法鉴定机构决定不予受理鉴定委托的，应当 向委托人说明理由，退还鉴定材料。
Item 17: the judicial authentication institutions decided not to accept the appraisal commissioned, it shall explain the reasons to the client, returned to the identification of materials.
（二）法医学司法鉴定的实施 The implementation of the forensic judicial authentication
《司法鉴定通则》 第 18条 司法鉴定机构受理鉴定委托后，应当指定本机 构具有该鉴定事项执业资格的司法鉴定人进行鉴定。 委托人有特殊要求的，经双方协商一致，也可以从本机 构中选择符合条件的司法鉴定人进行鉴定。 委托人不得要求或者暗示司法鉴定机构、司法鉴定人按 其意图或者特定目的提供鉴定意见。
item 18: When accepting the entrusted appraisal, Judicial authentication institutions shall gurantee the appraisement appraisal qualification of judicial expert. when Clients have special requirements, they are allowed to choose from this institution qualified judicial appraiser for identification based on the agreement of both parties. The principal shall not require or suggest personal opinions to judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraiser expert on a particular purpose.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 19条 司法鉴定机构对同一鉴定事项，应当指定或者 选择 2名司法鉴定人进行鉴定; 对复杂、疑难或者特殊鉴 定事项，可以指定或者选择多名司法鉴定人进行鉴定。
item 19: two judicial experts should be appointed to undertake a appraisement case, ; For complex, difficult, or special appraisement, more than two judicial experts should be assigned to do the identification.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 20条司法鉴定人本人或者其近亲属与诉讼当事人、鉴 定事项涉及的案件有利害关系，可能影响其独立、客观、 公正进行鉴定的，应当回避。 司法鉴定人曾经参加过同一鉴定事项鉴定的，或者曾经 作为专家提供过咨询意见的，或者曾被聘请为有专门知 识的人参与过同一鉴定事项法庭质证的，应当回避。
item 20: When judicial appraiser is involved in the case related with himself or his close relatives which may affects the independent, objective and impartial appraisal, they shall withdraw. Judicial appraisal of an appraiser had attended the same items, or ever as experts offer advice, or had been hired to people with specific knowledge involved in the same courtroom cross-examination of the identification items, they shall withdraw.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 21条司法鉴定人自行提出回避的，由其所属的司法 鉴定机构决定; 委托人要求司法鉴定人回避的，应当向 该司法鉴定人所属的司法鉴定机构提出，由司法鉴定 机构决定。 委托人对司法鉴定机构作出的司法鉴定人是否回避的 决定有异议的，可以撤销鉴定委托。
item 21: judicial authentication institutions will make the decision when the judicial appraiser is submitting a withdrawal. judicial authentication institutions also make the decision whether the Judicial appraiser should avoid client requirements. The principal of judicial authentication institutions make a decision on whether the judicial appraiser of avoidance have objections.
《司法鉴定通则》第 22条司法鉴定机构应当建立鉴定材 料管理制度，严格监控鉴定材料的接收、保管、使用和 退还。 司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人在鉴定过程中应当严格依照 技术规范保管和使用鉴定材料，因严重不负责任造成鉴 定材料损毁、遗失的，应当依法承担责任。
item 22: Judicial authentication institution shall establish identification of the material management system, strictly monitoring appraisal of material receiving, storage, use and refund. Judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraisers shall be strictly in accordance with the technical specifications in the process of appraisal warehousing and use of materials. For serious irresponsible identification of material damage, loss, they shall bear liability according to law.
《司法鉴定通则》第 23条司法鉴定人进行鉴定，应当依 下列顺序遵守和采用该专业领域的技术标准、技术规范 和技术方法： (一)国家标准; (二)行业标准和技术规范; (三)该专业领域多数专家认可的技术方法。
item 23: Judicial appraisers' verification shall be in accordance with the following order based on observation and adoptation of the professional and technical standards, technical specifications and technical methods: (1) of the national standard; (2) industry standards and technical specifications; (3) the most experts in the field of recognition of the major technical methods.
《司法鉴定通则》第 24条 司法鉴定人有权了解进行鉴 定所需要的案件材料，可以查阅、复制相关资料，必要 时可以询问诉讼当事人、证人。 经委托人同意，司法鉴定机构可以派员到现场提取鉴定 材料。现场提取鉴定材料应当由不少于2名司法鉴定机 构的 作人员进行，其中至少 1名应为该鉴定事项的司 法鉴定人。现场提取鉴定材料时，应当有委托人指派或 者委托的人员在场见证并在提取记录上签名。
item 24: Judicial appraiser has the right to know the case materials and consult and copy the relevant data; and he also has the right to question the litigants and witnesses when necessary. , upon consent by the trustor judicial authentication , institutions will be able to send staff appraisal at the scene of the material. Identified with not less than 2 staff of judicial authentication institutions, including at least one should be the appraisement of the judicial appraiser. When identifying at the scene of the material, the entrusting personel should present to witness and sign the extract records.
《司法鉴定通则》第 25条鉴定过程中，需要对无民事行 为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人进行身体检查的，应 当通知其监护人或者近亲属到场见证; 必要时，可以通 知委托人到场见证。 对被鉴定人进行法医精神病鉴定的，应当通知委托人或 者被鉴定人的近亲属或者监护人到场见证。 对需要进行尸体解剖的，应当通知委托人或者死者的近 亲属或者监护人到场见证。 到场见证人员应当在鉴定记录上签名。见证人员未到场 的，司法鉴定人不得开展相关鉴定活动，延误时间不计 入鉴定时限。
item 25: During identification process, the appraised with no capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct should be accompained by his guardian or close relatives; When necessary, the client may be notified to be present to witness. For forensic psychiatric appraisal, surveyor shall notify the principal or close relative or guardian to be present to witness. On the need for autopsy, it shall notify the client or the close relatives of the dead to present. The witness who present shall sign the appraisal record. when witness are not present, the judicial appraiser shall not conduct relevant appraisal activities and delaying time is not included in the identification of time limit.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 26条 鉴定过程中，需要对被鉴定人身体进行法医临 床检查的，应当采取必要措施保护其隐私。
item 26: During appraisal process, when forensic clinical body examination is carrying on, the expert shall take necessary measures to protect their privacy.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 27条 司法鉴定人应当对鉴定过程进行实时记录并签 名。记录可以采取笔记、录音、录像、拍照等方式。记 录应当载明主要的鉴定方法和过程，检查、检验、检测 结果，以及仪器设备使用情况等。记录的内容应当真实、 客观、准确、完整、清晰，记录的文本资料、音像资料 等应当存入鉴定档案。
item 27: the judicial appraiser shall record the identification process in time and do the signature. they should take notes, audio, video, pictures, etc. Records shall set forth the major identification methods and process of examination, inspection, test results, as well as equipment usage. The content of the record shall be truthful, objective, accurate, complete and clear. Records of text information, audio and video information shall be deposited in the identification of archives.
《司法鉴定通则》第 28条司法鉴定机构应当自司法鉴定 委托书生效之日起 30个 作日内完成鉴定。 鉴定事项涉及复杂、疑难、特殊技术问题或者鉴定过程 需要较长时间的，经本机构负责人批准，完成鉴定的时 限可以延长，延长时限一般不得超过30个 作日。鉴定 时限延长的，应当及时告知委托人。 司法鉴定机构与委托人对鉴定时限另有约定的，从其约 定。 在鉴定过程中补充或者重新提取鉴定材料所需的时间， 不计入鉴定时限。
item 28: The judicial authentication institution shall obey the day of the enforcement of judicial authentication proxy 30 working days to complete identification. As for appraisement involving complex, difficult, special technical problems or identification process needed longer time, the time extension should be approved by the agency head and the extended time shall not exceed 30 working days in general. Identification of duration should be timely informed to the client. If agreed time duration is achieved between Judicial authentication institutions and the client, the agreed time should be abeyed. Time cost of additions or supplement of materials is not included in the identification of time limit.
《司法鉴定通则》第 29条 司法鉴定机构在鉴定过程 中，有下列情形之一的，可以终止鉴定： (一)发现有本通则第 15条第 2项至第 7项规定情形的; (二)鉴定材料发生耗损，委托人不能补充提供的; (三)委托人拒不履行司法鉴定委托书规定的义务、被鉴 定人拒不配合或者鉴定活动受到严重干扰，致使鉴定无 法继续进行的; (四)委托人主动撤销鉴定委托，或者委托人、诉讼当事 人拒绝支付鉴定费用的; (五)因不可抗力致使鉴定无法继续进行的; (六)其他需要终止鉴定的情形。 终止鉴定的，司法鉴定机构应当书面通知委托人，说明 理由并退还鉴定材料。
item 29: In the process of identification, , one of the following circumstancesmay terminate identification: (1) according to general principles of article 15 in paragraphs 2 to 7 cases; (2) In case of material loss, the client is not able to offer supplement ; (3) the trustor refuses to perform the obligations specified in the judicial appraisal or refuses to cooperate in activities. the appraisal is unable to continue; (4) client, litigants refuse to pay the cost of identification; (5) identification is unable to continue due to any force majeure; (6) the judicial authentication institution shall notify thetermination of appraisal to the client and explain the reasons and returnt the identification materials.
《司法鉴定通则》第 15条具有下列情形之一的鉴定委 托，司法鉴定机构不得受理： (一)委托鉴定事项超出本机构司法鉴定业务范围的; (二)发现鉴定材料不真实、不完整、不充分或者取得方 式不合法的; (三)鉴定用途不合法或者违背社会公德的; (四)鉴定要求不符合司法鉴定执业规则或者相关鉴定技 术规范的; (五)鉴定要求超出本机构技术条件或者鉴定能力的; ( 六)委托人就同一鉴定事项同时委托其他司法鉴定机构 进行鉴定的; (七)其他不符合法律、法规、规章规定的情形。
item 15: in case of one of the following circumstances identification, judicial authentication institution shall not accept matters : (1) beyond the business scope of institutions judicial authentication; (2) the findings has identified material untrue, incomplete, inadequate or illegal; (3) when the purposes of identification is illegal or against social morality; (4) when identifying request does not comply with the rules of judicial appraisal practice or relevant identification technology specification; (5) identification requirements is beyond the agency or technical specifications of ability; (6) the client on the same appraisement and entrust other appraisement of judicial authentication institutions; (7) the other party is not in conformity with the laws, regulations, rules.
补充、重新鉴定法律依据 刑诉法 146条：侦查机关应当将用作证据的鉴定 意见告知犯罪嫌疑人、被害人。如果犯罪嫌疑人、 被害人提出申请，可以补充鉴定或者重新鉴定。 法庭审理过程中，当事人或辩护人、诉讼代理人 有权申请重新鉴定。法庭应当作出是否同意决定。
legal basis of Complement appraisal and reappraisal: criminal procedure law, item 146: : investigation organ shall serve as evidence of expert opinion to inform the criminal suspect and the victim. under the application of the criminal suspect or the victim , a supplementary expert verification or another expert verification is allowed. Court trial, the parties, the defenders and agents AD litem, shall have the right to apply for new appraisal. The court shall make the decision.
补充鉴定：若委托单位（人）提出新的问题和获得新 的材料，可将新发现的材料及全部案件材料，一并交 给鉴定人，要求鉴定人对原鉴定再次进行修改、补充 和回答新提出的问题，称补充鉴定。
supplementary expert verifacation If entrust unit (person) puts forward new problems and new materials, along with all the requirements that enable an appraiser to modify rasie new questions and answers, the supplementary identification can be made.
《司法鉴定通则》第 30条 有下列情形之一的，司法鉴 定机构可以根据委托人的要求进行补充鉴定： (一)原委托鉴定事项有遗漏的; (二)委托人就原委托鉴定事项提供新的鉴定材料的; (三)其他需要补充鉴定的情形。 补充鉴定是原委托鉴定的组成部分，应当由原司法鉴定 人进行。
item 30: If any of the following circumstances occurs, the judicial authentication institutions can require the supplementary identification: (1) the original entrusted matters are missing; (2) the principal matters entrusted by the original to provide new appraisal materials; (3) other situations that need supplementary identification. Supplementary identification is entrusted by the original part, and shall be conducted by the judicial appraiser.
重新鉴定：若鉴定人所作鉴定的内容有重要遗漏或重 大矛盾、鉴定内容在学术上尚有争议，或对鉴定人的 鉴定能力有疑议，委托单位可委托他人另行鉴定，或 增加鉴定人再作鉴定，称再鉴定或重新鉴定。
Reappraisal If the content of an appraiser made significant omissions or major contradictions and appraisal content is disputed in the academic, or have a claim on the ability of expert witnesses, entrust unit can entrust others to identify separately, or increase an appraiser to say again appraisal or new appraisal.
《司法鉴定通则》第 31条 有下列情形之一的，司法鉴 定机构可以接受办案机关委托进行重新鉴定： (一)原司法鉴定人不具有从事委托鉴定事项执业资格的 ; (二)原司法鉴定机构超出登记的业务范围组织鉴定的; (三)原司法鉴定人应当回避没有回避的; (四)办案机关认为需要重新鉴定的; (五)法律规定的其他情形。
item 31: under any of the following circumstances, the judicial authentication institutions case authorities to accept commissioned to identify: (1) the original matters entrusted by the judicial expert is not engaged in qualification; (2) the judicial authentication institutions is beyond the scope of registration of business organizational identification; (3) the original judicial appraiser shall avoid doesn't keep withdrwa (4) the case authorities think that needs to be identified; (5) other circumstances stipulated by law.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 32条 重新鉴定应当委托原司法鉴定机构以外的其他 司法鉴定机构进行; 因特殊原因，委托人也可以委托原 司法鉴定机构进行，但原司法鉴定机构应当指定原司法 鉴定人以外的其他符合条件的司法鉴定人进行。 接受重新鉴定委托的司法鉴定机构的资质条件应当不低 于原司法鉴定机构，进行重新鉴定的司法鉴定人中应当 至少有一名具有相关专业高级专业技术职称。
item 32: Reappraisal shall entrust the original of the judicial authentication institutions other than judicial authentication institutions; Due to special reasons, the client can also entrust the judicial authentication institutions, but the original judicial authentication institution shall specify the original judicial appraiser of other qualified judicial appraiser. Accept the qualifications of the judicial authentication institutions entrusted by the new appraisal shall not be less than the original judicial authentication institutions. the appraisal of judicial authentication shall be at least one related professional senior or technical titles.
《司法鉴定通则》协会会鉴 第 34条对于涉及重大案件或者特别复杂、疑难、特殊技 术问题或者多个鉴定类别的鉴定事项，办案机关可以委 托司法鉴定行业协会组织协调多个司法鉴定机构进行鉴 定。
Association appraisal: item 34: for major cases or special complex, difficult, special technical problems or cases beyond appraisal category of appraisement, case-handling organ may authorize the judicial appraisal industry association to organize and coordinate multiple identification judicial authentication institutions.
《司法鉴定通则》专家咨询意见 第 33条 鉴定过程中，涉及复杂、疑难、特殊技术问题 的，可以向本机构以外的相关专业领域的专家进行咨询， 但最终的鉴定意见应当由本机构的司法鉴定人出具。 专家提供咨询意见应当签名，并存入鉴定档案。
Expert advice item 33: appraisal process involving complex, difficult, special technical problems, or beyond relevant professional experts in the field of consulting, but in the end the appraisal opinions shall be issued by the institution of judicial appraiser. Expert advice should be signed and deposited in the identification of archives.
《司法鉴定通则》专家复核意见 第 35条 司法鉴定人完成鉴定后，司法鉴定机构应当指 定具有相应资质的人员对鉴定程序和鉴定意见进行复核 ; 对于涉及复杂、疑难、特殊技术问题或者重新鉴定的 鉴定事项，可以组织三名以上的专家进行复核。 复核人员完成复核后，应当提出复核意见并签名，存入 鉴定档案。
Expert review item 35: after completion of identification , judicial authentication institution shall specify the corresponding qualifications of personnel to review appraisal procedure and evaluation; For complex, difficult, special technical problems or reappraisal, the institution can organize three or more experts to review. After finishing review, the reviewer shall review opinions and signature, deposited in the identification of archives.
四. 法医学鉴定书 法医学鉴定人根据委托单位（人）提出的鉴定要求， 本人对鉴定客体进行检验获得结果，最后得出意见写 出的文字材料称为法医学鉴定书。
四. Medicolegal Report The work and conclusion of medicolegal examination and expertise are reflected by medicolegal expertise report in written form. The medicolegal report is a formal document and also an important piece of scientific evidence, which is written by medicolegal experts after performing medicolegal examination.
法医鉴定书一般包括： 1. 委托单位； 2. 要求鉴定问题； 3. 提交鉴定材料； 4. 进行鉴定时间、地点； 5. 鉴定采用的科学方法； 6. 对鉴定情况和结果进行分析论证； 7. 鉴定意见； 8. 鉴定单位盖章和鉴定人签名。
The types of medicolegal report They are divided into several types according to the different branches of forensic medicine: 1. medicolegal report of forensic pathology, 2. clinical forensic medicine, 3. forensic biology, 4. forensic toxicological analysis, 5. forensic psychiatry. 6. The form and content of a medicolegal report 7. The form and content of a medicolegal expertise report vary with the medicolegal expertise in different branches of forensic medicine. 8. the medicolegal expertise report of forensic pathology is as follows
Titles includes the name of organization, the department and file number. Introduction It records the date of accepting the entrusting; the name of the entrusting unit, the date, venue and items; the contents and amount of the materials to be examined, such as documents, bodies; the name, sex, age and profession of the dead body, if known. General information must be included if the victim (patient or the wounded) was hospitalized. The scene investigation could be included here or separately in another section. Autopsy record The autopsy findings should be recorded and described carefully in a macroscopic and microscopic way, especial on injuries and diseases.
The result of dditional test It includes some general and special tests such as blood examination, diatom test and poison analysis, etc. Analyzing the findings The reason and basis of the expert conclusion are explained in theories according to the previous information including autopsy and auxiliary tests and so on. Expert conclusion This is the most important part of a medicolegal report. The cause and manner of death of the deceased are explained briefly and clearly. For example, it describes that someone died of a certain disease such as sudden coronary death or cancer, or died from a kind of mechanical injury such as gunshot or knife
Endings It includes the experts' names and the stamp of the organization and the signatures of the expertise experts. Appendices refer to some data, graphs, pictures, photos and the reference that are enclosed.
鉴定意见科学性 鉴定意见是一种科学根据的判断性意见 Scientificity of Appraisal the appraisal opinion is based on a scientific judgment
鉴定意见的表达 ①证据清楚的用“系”表达； ②证据基本清楚的用“符合”表达； ③证据不完全的用“不排除”表达； ④证据不明确的用“缺乏”表达。
The expression of expert opinion (1) the evidence clearly expressed in "lines"; (2) the basic evidence clearly expressed in "meet"; (3) the evidence is fully expressed in "does not exclude"; (4) the evidence is clearly expressed in "lack"
鉴定意见可替换性 由于鉴定原理和方法是被科学界普遍接受， 那么选择鉴定人就具有选择性，由此鉴定意见 就具有可替换性
Replaceability of Expert opinion Appraisal principle and method is accepted by the scientific community and then the surveyor will have replaceable opinions.
鉴定意见非法律评价性 鉴定意见内容是鉴定人就案件中某些专门性问题 所做的判断意见，而不是对有关事实的法律评价
non-legal valuation of appraisal opinions Appraisal content is the surveyor's special judgement in the case of identification, rather than the legal evaluation.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 36条 司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人应当按照统一规定 的文本格式制作司法鉴定意见书。 第 37条 司法鉴定意见书应当由司法鉴定人签名。多人 参加的鉴定，对鉴定意见有不同意见的，应当注明。
item 36: Judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraiser shall be in accordance with the unified regulation of text format to make judicial authentication opinions. item 37: the judicial appraisal opinion shall be signed by the judicial appraiser. Ifthe appraisal opinions have different opinions, they should be indicated.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 38条司法鉴定意见书应当加盖司法鉴定机构的司法鉴 定专用章。 第 39条司法鉴定意见书应当一式四份，三份交委托人收 执，一份由司法鉴定机构存档。司法鉴定机构应当按照 有关规定或者与委托人约定的方式，向委托人发送司法 鉴定意见书。
item 38: judicial authentication opinions shall be affixed with a special seal for judicial authentication of judicial authentication institutions. item 39: judicial authentication opinions shall be in quadruplicate, three copies of the invoice and a copy of the archive by the judicial authentication institution. Judicial authentication institution shall be in accordance with the relevant provisions or agreement with the clients.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 40条 委托人对鉴定过程、鉴定意见提出询问的，司 法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人应当给予解释或者说明。
item 40: the judicial authentication institutions and judicial appraiser shall provide or explaine theidentification process, expert opinion to the client.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 41条 司法鉴定意见书出具后，发现有下列情形之一 的，司法鉴定机构可以进行补正：(一)图像、谱图、表 格不清晰的; (二)签名、盖章或者编号不符合制作要求 的; (三)文字表达有瑕疵或者错别字，但不影响司法鉴 定意见的。 补正应当在原司法鉴定意见书上进行，由至少一名司法 鉴定人在补正处签名。必要时，可以出具补正书。 对司法鉴定意见书进行补正，不得改变司法鉴定意见的 原意。
item 41: the judicial authentication institutions can make correction of the issued authentication report under the following circumstances: : (1), images, spectra, form are not clear; (2) the signature, stamp or serial number is not in conformity with the requirement of production; (3) words defective or wrong character, but dose not influence the opinions of judicial authentication. Corrections shall be conducted on the original judicial authentication opinions, by at least one judicial appraiser in the correction of signatures. When necessary, they may issue a correction. Of making up, judicial authentication opinions may not change the meaning of the judicial authentication opinions.
《司法鉴定通则》 第 42条 司法鉴定机构应当按照规定将司法鉴定意见书 以及有关资料整理立卷、归档保管。
item 42: Judicial authentication institution shall be in accordance with the provisions of the judicial authentication opinions as well as relevant data sorting, archive custody.
五、法医学鉴定人出庭作证 法医学鉴定人出庭质证是人民法院根据诉讼 的需要，依法通知与案件鉴定有关的法医学鉴定 人到庭，向法庭宣读鉴定意见，阐明鉴定依据， 回答有关问题的过程。
5. Forensic expert appearring in court according to the need of the lawsuit, forensic expert should appear in court upon the notice of People's court and the forensic expert should read expert opinion to the court, and illustrate the appraisal basis, answer questions about the process.
（一）法医学鉴定人出庭的意义 鉴定人出庭是贯彻和落实质证的公开原则、直 接原则、言词原则，是司法公正、程序正当的具体 体现；扩大了对鉴定意见质证的对象和范围，是鉴 定意见可靠性的保证。
Significance of Forensic expert' appearring in the court expert witnesses to appear in court is to carry out and implement cross-examination public principle, the principle of words directly, is the embodiment of justice and due process; Expand the advice to identify the object and scope of crossexamination, is the assurance of reliability evaluation.
（二）法医学鉴定人出庭的任务 1. 向法庭宣读鉴定意见； 2. 阐明鉴定人作出鉴定意见的依据和科学道理； 3. 接受审判员以及其他诉讼参与人对鉴定意见的质证； 4. 回答审判员以及其他诉讼参与人提出的与鉴定有关的 问题（资格、鉴定过程、鉴定意见）。
Task of Forensic expert to appear in thecourt 1. Read out to the court appraisal opinions; 2. To clarify the basis of expert witnesses to make appraisal Suggestions and science; 3. Accept the opinions of judges and other participants in the proceedings of identification cross-examination; 4. Answer the judges and other participants in the proceedings of problems related to the identification (qualifications, appraisal process, appraisal opinions)
《司法鉴定通则》 第 43条 经人民法院依法通知，司法鉴定人应当出庭作 证，回答与鉴定事项有关的问题。 第 44条司法鉴定机构接到出庭通知后，应当及时与人民 法院确认司法鉴定人出庭的时间、地点、人数、费用、 要求等。
item 43: Upon the notice of law of the people's court, the judicial appraiser shall testify, answer questions related to the appraisement. item 44: On receiving the notice to appear in court, the judicial authentication institution shall confirmed the time and place with the people‘s court and check the number of appraisers, fees, requirements, etc. .
《司法鉴定通则》 第 45条司法鉴定机构应当支持司法鉴定人出庭作证，为 司法鉴定人依法出庭提供必要条件。 第 46条司法鉴定人出庭作证，应当举止文明，遵守法庭 纪律。
item 45: the judicial authentication institution shall support the judicial experts to testify and support judicial experts to appear in court in accordance with the law. item 46: when the judicial expert is to testify in the court, he should behave well and abide by the court discipline.
谢谢
Скачать презентацию 法医学鉴定 蔡继峰 教授 博导 中南大学湘雅基础医学院法医学系 湖南省湘雅司法鉴定中心 Tel 13237478468 Email cjf_jifeng 163
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