完形填空阅读理解命题技巧探讨滨海中学魏海洋 close reading comprehension

完形填空, 阅读理解命题技巧探讨滨海中学魏海洋

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What do you see here?

格式塔心理学: 当看见不完整的事物时，人们根据脑子里对事物的完整概念，会在思想上把它补全. 补全心理

完形填空考试背景 1953年，美国语言学家Wilson Taylor基于格式塔心理学，首次提出完形填空这种题型，旨在测试考生利用已知信息恢复不完整语言材料的自然倾向强度，进而考查考生的语言能力。作为选拔性考试，高考必须具有较高信度、效度和必要的区分度以及一定的难度。完形填空的重点在于综合考查考生的词汇和语法等基础知识以及阅读的语言运用能力，正好满足了高考的需求。我国 1987全国高考英语引用该题型。

如何命制完型填空

第一步：题材, 体裁选择 1）材料难度应该低于阅读理解中的材料； 2）材料内容具有一定的教育意义； 3）材料文体多以夹叙夹议为主，议论文说明文为辅。

2008 --2015江苏完形体裁与题材试卷体裁题材 2008年夹叙夹议英国著名聋女打击乐手 Evelyn Glennie成功的故事 2009年议论文社区服务实践进入高中课程 2010年夹叙夹议 2011年夹叙夹议挫折与态度 2012年议论文科技与生活 solitude（独处）概念在数码时代已几乎不存在 2013年夹叙夹议美国梦真谛：团结一致共度难关 2014年夹叙夹议一个人如何克服困难，获得信心的成长经历 2015年夹叙夹议继母如何用热情和鼓励帮助他及其家人如何获得成功故事作者读了Bernie Siegel的书，深受书中积极人生观的影响

2013年江苏高考英语完型填空材料出处： http: //www. npr. org/templates/story. php? story. Id=102961694

2014年江苏高考英语完型填空材料出处： http: //www. cyberspacei. com/englishwiz/library/friends/about_the_author. htm

2015年江苏高考英语完型填空材料出处： https: //books. google. com/books? id=n. Bif. BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA 273&lpg=PA 273&dq=Dr. +Bernie +and+his+CDs+again&source=bl&ots=Hl. TDz 7 Blpv&sig=b. Skdf. OSo. Dhqhska 68 HCVHDqo. S 7 w &hl=zh. CN&sa=X&ei=l. Y 6 YVe. O 0 He. Sgmw. XMs. IHQDQ&ved=0 CCAQ 6 AEw. AA#v=onepage&q=Dr. % 20 Bernie%20 and%20 his%20 CDs%20 again&f=false

第二步：对所选择的原材料进行改编或者缩写 1. 将文章内容根据命题需要进行适当的删减，如果是高中英语同步检测试题，则建议高一到高三的试题长度分别为：高一230字左右，高二250字左右，高三300字左右；如果是高考模拟题甚至是高考题，则一般长度为 300至 350字之间为宜， 2. 删减后的文章要做到结构清晰、主题鲜明、前后连贯，有一定的写作顺序，段落之间、上下文之间连接到位、过渡自然，并且要将文章中的新课程标准词汇表以外的词汇转换成课标内词汇，确保没有生僻词汇。

2008— 2015年江苏高考完形填空字数试卷改编后字数 2008年 344 2009年 331 2010年 349 2011年 354 2012年 311 2013年 314 2014年 292 2015年 268

第三步：开始挖空 1. 首句不挖空，整个文章共挖出 20个空格，设空平均间距为 10 个词左右。一般来说，文章越短，挖空密度越大。由于失去的语言信息越多，理解文章的难度越大，解答试题的难度就会相应加大。测试考生语言知识综合运用能力的试题，必须保持一定的难度系数。为此，控制试题短文的长度是完全必要的。 2. 挖空以实词为主，以虚词为辅。备选项多设置实词，如名词、动词、形容词、副词占 90% 以上，介词连词等很少，这是为了提高试题的难度，引导学生从整体上理解文章内容，全面接受信息。

2008— 2015年江苏高考完型填空各类词性分布情况：试卷动词名词形容词副词介词连词代词 2008 10 7 0 1 1 2009 6 5 2 2 3 2 0 2010 7 6 5 1 0 2011 7 4 2 3 1 2012 8 4 2 2 0 2013 6 5 3 1 3 2 0 2014 8 5 1 1 4 1 0 2015 8 6 3 1 0 2 0

第四步：设置选项 1. 正确答案必须是从短文中挖掉的那个词或短语，必须为唯一正确选项； 2. 在 4个备选项中，孤立地看对应挖空的句子，都能满足句子的要求，无论将哪个答案填进去，从语法上说都是正确的。由于情景意义选择填空的需要，每一小题（每一空）的 4 个备选项往往是相同的词类，其词性也相同，即：如果是副词，则都是副词；如果是动词的过去分词，则都是过去分词，等等。即使个别小题中 4个备选项的词类有不相同的，其语法功能往往也是一样的。

3. 干扰项应该是正确答案的干扰项。有时，命题者设计完一个干扰项后，会不经意地设计出两个意义上更接近于这个干扰项的干扰项，如： A. consists B. composes C. writes D. expresses

4. 各选项不能够互相包容，否则就会答案不严密，答案禁受不住推敲。如： A. desk B. furniture C. bed D. bench 5. 短语选项设置时应注意正确项与干扰项形式上的一致。考查对动词短语的掌握，可以只挖空动词，可以只挖空动词后的介词或副词，也可以挖空整个短语。挖空整个短语前，应充分考虑能否找到三个同样结构的干扰项。 A. wrote for B. cared for B. hoped for D. sent for

6. 干扰性强，重细微辨析。这就意味着所有设置的试题选项，从字面意思看，可能都讲得通，要考虑文章内容的具体情景和细微的意义区别，才会产生一个最佳的答案。所设置的 4 个选项在意义上和用法上要十分接近，形成很强的干扰性和迷惑性，特别注重词语意义的细微辨析的考查。 Soon I heard a ____ like that of a door burst in, and then a climb of feet… A. sound B. cry C. voice D. noise

8. 设空的答案有的由一个句子决定，有的由相邻不远的一组句子决定，还有的由语篇内容综合决定。因此，设空分为：（1）句子层次；（2）句组层次；（3）语篇层次。设空的难度，从句子层次到句组层次，再到语篇层次，依次递增。一般说来，三个层次的设空比例各占三分之一。但是，从近年来的高考试题看，语篇层次设空的比例有所增加，超过了三分之一，反映出“突出语篇”的命题思路设空的答案有的由已读过的上文决定，有的由未读过的下文决定，还有的要综合上下文而定。所以设空分为三类：（1）前制性设空；（2）后制性设空；（3）语篇性设空。不言而喻，前制性设空难度低，后制性设空难度较高，语篇性设空难度最高。

复现题的设置： 1. 同一词上下文复现：很多正确选项常是上文或下文中出现的词。 2. 同义词复现：and连接两同义的词或句子。happy and gay； unhappy and disappointed. 3. 反义词复现： but 连接两个含义相对的词：small but neat； expensive but tasty； gave them reason to reflect on their past and plan for their future. 4. 同源词或者同根词的联想：如：believe和belief；think 和thought；repairman 和fix one's car. 句子层次前置性线索 5. 解释性词复现：that is (to say), in other words… 6. 概括词复现: in a word, in short in conclusion… So the slave was pardoned and _______ … A. killed B. rich C. happy D. freed

无论怎么设置选项，命题时候都要留下“题眼”，或者是解题线索。上下文语境，生活常识，文化背景，句子关系等

第五步：答案设置及检查 1. 防止学生选同样的答案，答案选项ABCD设计一般均匀化。 2. 整份完型填空命制完成自己一定要从头到尾认真看一下，同时请同组的老师做一边看看命制是否有错误或者不妥的地方。如果有要及时的修改。

2008— 2015年江苏高考答案选项分布情况：试卷 A B C D 2008 6 5 4 5 2009 4 6 6 4 2010 5 6 4 5 2011 5 7 4 4 2012 5 5 2013 5 5 2014 5 5 2015 4 5 5 6

具体实例：第一步：选材 Life has a way of tapping us on the shoulder, beckoning a finger, and whispering, “Pay attention to this. ” It happens when we least expect it, One such lesson presented itself to me at the tender age of eleven. In the 1950 s I spent my days as a sixth grader in a K-8 suburban school. One particular day, classes changed with the usual noise made by voices and feet as students moved down the hall and up or down staircases. I proceeded through the hallway at a rapid pace toward a large double stairway, which led to the second and third floor of the new section of our building. Suddenly, I noticed a new sound added to those already surrounding me. The harshness of cleats hitting the floor, metal creaking, and heavy footsteps caught my attention. The sound caused me to raise my head and search the area as I neared the bottom of the stairway. A girl, who wore full leg braces and heavy orthopedic shoes with tap cleats on the toes, made her way across a wooden-floored room that connected the old and new parts of our school. Wherever she went, Rochelle carried the reminders of her serious bout with polio a few years earlier. Despite the passage of more than fifty years, I see her clearly. Rochelle’s hair was cut in a wavy bob and a big red hair-bow perched on the top. Her fair ivory skin glowed, and her eyes were such a deep blue, they almost looked black. She had a small, upturned nose and a wide mouth that smiled more often than not. The full steel braces supported the wasted muscles in her legs. As Rochelle moved faster and faster, like a snowball going downhill, her feet tangled, and she landed face down at the top of the wide stairway. A wave of humanity flowed toward her, arms outstretched to help. One word from the prostrate girl stopped them. “No!” she said, as she lay face down on the hard floor. I remained rooted in my vantage point at the bottom of the stairway, frozen in place, holding my breath. Rochelle lifted her head. Her eyes glistened with unshed tears as she gazed straight at me. This amazing girl pushed herself up to a kneeling position, and with a Herculean effort, made it to her feet. This was not the first time her crippled, twisted legs betrayed her. She held her head high, accepted the dropped book a boy cautiously held out to her, and made her way up the stairway to the second floor, triumph flashing in those dark eyes. The noise level and student movement returned to normal. The whole episode took no more than a couple minutes, but that day I learned about dignity and strength of character. I found out the meaning of determination and persistence. If Rochelle is alive today, she probably still wears her braces or may even spend her days in a wheelchair, but I feel certain her spirit is unchanged. She more than likely continues to teach life’s little lessons to a great many others, in her own quiet way. （554 words)

具体实例：第二步：删减及改编 Life has a way of tapping us on the shoulder, moving a finger, and whispering, “Pay attention to this. ” It happens when we least expect it. One such lesson presented itself to me when I was eleven. One particular day, classes changed with the usual noise made by voices and feet as students moved down the hall and up or down staircases. Suddenly, I noticed a new sound added to those already surrounding me, which caught my attention and caused me to raise my head and search the area. A girl, who wore full leg braces and heavy orthopedic shoes( 矫形鞋), made her way across a room. Wherever she went, Rochelle carried the reminders of her serious bout with polio（小儿麻痹症）a few years earlier. With Rochelle moving faster and faster, she tripped over the staircase and landed face down at the top of the wide stairway. A wave of humanity flowed toward her, but she declined. I remained rooted in my place, holding my breath. This amazing girl pushed herself up to a kneeling position, and with great efforts, made it to her feet. This was not the first time her crippled, twisted legs betrayed her. She held her head high, and made her way up the stairway, triumph flashing in those dark eyes. The whole incident took no more than a couple minutes, but that day I learned about dignity and strength of character. I found out the meaning of determination and persistence. If Rochelle is alive today, she probably still wears her braces or may even spend her days in a wheelchair, but I feel certain her spirit is unchanged. She more than likely continues to teach life’s little lessons to a great many others in her own quiet way. (302

具体实例：第三步：挖空 Life has a way of tapping us on the shoulder, moving a finger, and whispering, “Pay attention to this. ” It happens when we least expect it. One such lesson presented itself to me when I was eleven. One particular day, classes changed with the usual noise made by voices and feet as students moved down the hall and up or down staircases. Suddenly, I noticed a new sound added to those already surrounding me, which caught my attention and caused me to raise my head and search the area. A girl, who wore full leg braces and heavy orthopedic shoes( 矫形鞋), made her way across a room. Wherever she went, Rochelle carried the reminders of her serious bout with polio（小儿麻痹症）a few years earlier. With Rochelle moving faster and faster, she tripped over the staircase and landed face down at the top of the wide stairway. A wave of humanity flowed toward her, but she declined. I remained rooted in my place, holding my breath. This amazing girl pushed herself up to a kneeling position, and with great efforts, made it to her feet. This was not the first time her crippled, twisted legs betrayed her. She held her head high, and made her way up the stairway, triumph flashing in those dark eyes. The whole incident took no more than a couple minutes, but that day I learned about dignity and strength of character. I found out the meaning of determination and persistence. If Rochelle is alive today, she probably still wears her braces or may even spend her days in a wheelchair, but I feel certain her spirit is unchanged. She more than likely continues to teach life’s little lessons to a great many others in her own quiet way. (302

挖空词汇类别：名词动词形容词副词介词连词 5 8 2 2 1 2 挖空词汇距离：平均： 11词左右最长： 20词最短： 6词

具体实例： 1. A. thing 2. A. frequent 3. A. contributed 4. A. attention 5. A. find 6. A. Whatever 7. A. As 8. A. put 9. A. string 10. A. abandoned 11. A. up 12. A. reached 13. A. expressed 14. A. arms 15. A. flashing 16. A. and 17. A. strength 18. A. abandons 19. A. skeptical 20. A. more than 第四步：编制选项 B. affair B. strange B. added B. eyes B. glance B. Whenever B. With B. landed B. team C. mass B. dropped B. down B. succeed B. betrayed B. head B. appearing B. so B. power B. dislikes B. doubt B. other than C. story C. usual C. admitted C. sight C. search C. However C. For C. laid D. wave C. quit C. off C. made C. described C. eyes C. coming C. but C. energy C. wears C. confident C. rather than D. lesson D. pleasant D. increased D. vision D. discover D. Wherever D. Because D. placed D. declined D. over D. managed D. reflected D. legs D. arising D. though D. force D. drops D. certain D. less than

1. D 上下文语境，根据文章最后一句话，She more than likely continues to teach life’s little lessons to a great many others in her own quiet way. 2. C 生活常识，usual noise 教室课间惯常的吵闹声。 3. B 上下文语境，固定搭配，一个新的声音应该是增添到课间原本的吵闹声中。 4. A 上下文语境，固定搭配，因为后面作者抬起了头，所以这儿用catch my attention 吸引我的注意力。 5. C 上下文语境，生活常识，抬头的目的就是为了搜寻一个地方。 6. D 句子与句子之间的关系，这个地方时让步关系。无论走到什么地方，罗谢尔都像随时提醒着人们，几年前她曾经遭受过一次严重的小儿麻痹症。 7. B 语法，with 的复合结构。 8. B 上下文语境，词义辨析，楼梯上被绊倒，这个时候是脸着地。land 表示使什么着地。 9. D 词义辨析 a wave of humanity flowed toward her. 一大群好心人涌向她。 10. D 上下文语境，很多人去帮她，但是她委婉地拒绝，decline表示委婉地拒绝。

11. A 上下文语境，刚开始，这个小女孩跌倒在地，girl 前面的amazing这个词，后面还有make it to her feet这个短语都暗示这个地方肯定选push herself up 使自己站起来。 12. C 上下文语境，固定搭配，make it to her feet 成功站了起来。 13. B 上下文语境，词义辨析，这并不是她第一次跌倒，残障扭曲的双腿出卖了她。 14. B 上下文语境，固定搭配，hold her head high, and make her way up. 抬起头，艰难地一步一步向上爬。 15. A 上下文语境，此时她已经站了起来，所以应该是深邃的双眼闪烁着胜利的喜悦。 16. C 句子与句子之间的关系，此处是转折。 17. A 上下文语境，词义辨析，and 前面是dignity, 此处是一个对等，所以选 strength of character 人格的力量。 18. C 上下文语境，这个句子中有一个关键词still，她仍然还会套着她的脚支架。 19. D 上下文语境，通过后面her spirit is unchanged. 还有continues to teach life’s little lessons to a great many others in her own quiet way. 这句话，分析此处作者是很肯定。 20. A 上下文语境，作者很肯定，所以在作者的心中，她很有可能以自己独有的无声方式，继续给许许多多的人传授人生小课，more then 此处表示非常或者很，表示程度。

具体实例：第五步：答案设置及检查【答案分布】 A : 5 个 B： 5 个 C: 5 个 D: 5 个

完型填空“教学”策略教：教师学：学生

教师层面： 1. 对学生进行解题策略指导。 2. 对完形高频词讲解。 3. 充分利用课本，可以将课本内容进行缺词填空。 4. 大胆尝试一些无选项的完形填空。 5. 定期进行错题回顾。 6. 编制一些针对性的专项练习。

完形填空体裁特点及应考策略体裁特点策略记叙文 • 事--理 • 理—事 • 理清事情来龙去脉 • 作者的态度和情感 • 叙议结合议论文 • 话题—正反/作者观点 • 论点—论据—结论 • 分清话题与观点 • 论点与论据相印证说明文 • 事物或事理的说明 • 弄清说明对象

总的原则及具体应试策略：总的原则： “先完意，后完形”，寻找线索时“文中无闲句，句中无闲词”。 1. 研读首尾——— 抓主题 2. 上下联系———寻信息 3. 左顾右盼——— 找搭配应试策略： 4. 思前想后——— 觅逻辑 5. 语境分析——— 辨词义 6. 集中精力——— 破难题 7. 回读检查——— 补漏洞

应试策略： 1. 研读首尾——— 抓主题一般来说，很多文章会按照"总—分—总"的思路来写。首先提出主题，接着对主题进行分析、叙述，最后进行归纳、总结，得出结论或提出建议。因此，一般根据文章的首句及尾句就能抓住文章的主题。但是，主题句不总是在文章的开头，有时在文中，有时在文尾，因此，考生在做题时一方面要快速通读全文，另一方面应注意连接词，如but, however, yet, though, therefore, otherwise等，它们的前面一句或后面一句就有可能是主题句。考生抓住了主题，就等于掌握了整篇文章，就可根据主题顺藤摸瓜选出正确答案。

应试策略： 2. 上下联系———寻信息文章中，句与句之间、段与段之间紧密相连、浑然一体。因此，完形填空中经常会出现前面的信息为后面的空白提供暗示，而后面的信息有可能是前面空白的答案的情况。这时，考生切不可死盯空白不放，而要联系上下文，寻求信息以确定答案。 3. 左顾右盼——— 找搭配英语中，有些单词词义相近，而句型结构及跟其他词的搭配却截然不同。考生不能单从词义上去辨析，而应审查空白前后的名词、动词、介词或非谓语动词等，比较与各选项的搭配关系，然后确定答案。

应试策略： 4. 思前想后 ——— 觅逻辑逻辑是作者的行文方式，主要包括并列、转折、条件、因果、递进、让步等。它们之间有的通过连接词来表达，关系非常明显；有的隐含在句与句之中，关系比较隐晦。考生应该根据前后信息进行思考，拨开迷雾，准确理解上下文间的逻辑关系。 5. 语境分析——— 辨词义词不离句，句不离篇。考生做完形填空时必须从句子的语境出发，根据文章的中心、上下文的意思，确定空白处的意思，然后选出合乎语境的单词。

应试策略： 6. 集中精力——— 破难题每篇完形填空 20道题，其中有2到 4道题的难度较大，考生可能在短时间内很难确定答案。此时，考生应该在完成全文后，集中精力，对其进行分析、综合，作出决定。必要时，大胆相信第一感觉。 7. 回读检查——— 补漏洞做完之后，再用 2~3分钟的时间将全文联系起来进行回读，查看所填单词或短语是否跟语境相符，是否与逻辑相悖。这样，通过查漏补缺，使答案万无一失，提高得分。

完型填空高频词讲解：

课文缺词填空： M 3 U 2 Reading Old French ___ other ___ to Middle English ___. In Old English, the Germanic way of ___ words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans ___, they began using the French way of making plurals, ___ an –s to house and shoe. Only a few words ___ their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children.

尝试无选项的完形填空： The Japanese pay much attention to the luck of telephone number. The bathhouses, for example, (1) _____ to use 4626, because when read in Japanese, it has the (2) _____ pronunciation as “Have a good bath. ” (3) _____ the clothes shops and the butcher’s like 1429 better than (4) _____ number because this number can either be read as “good dress” (5) _____ “good meat. ” (6) _____ these numbers are (7) _____ with something (8) _____, people can remember them very (9) _____. So they have (10) _____ advertisements for the shops. On the other hand, there also telephone numbers which are (11) _____ as forbidden by the Japanese people. 1564, for example, has the sound of “kill people” (12) _____ the number 4219 has (13) _____ of “people die”. At present there about forty-four million (14) _____ in Japan. Yet it is almost (15) _____ for everyone to get (16) _____ telephone number. So these (17) _____ have become commodities(商品) and can be (18) _____ as goods. The (19) _____ can reach as (20) _____ as 222 thousands Japanese yen(日元).

错题回顾：英语错题检测练习

编制练习：针对性的专项专项练习

学生层面： 1. 学会自我分析。 2. 做过的题目，把正确答案填写在上面进行朗读，对于一些经典考试真题, 新概念英语要进行背诵。 3. 积累一些常用词的生义。

学会自我分析：完形填空错误原因分析卡姓名: ____ 考试名称：________ 错误类型词语辨析语法结构分析语篇理解逻辑推理文化背景透析作者意图剖析生活常识综合运用题号解决措施

Reading comprehension

考试说明：要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能：（1）理解语篇主旨大意；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义；（4）作出简单的判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的观点、意图和态度；（7）根据文中提供的信息用恰当的词语完成与短文相关的图表。

如何命制阅读理解

第一步：素材选择 1）主题得当（对各类考生均公平合理），不存在性别，城乡偏倚，不会对考生的心理造成不好的影响，不要专业性太强。常常具有人文性，时代性，内容表现出人与人，人与社会，自我教育，感恩，励志，生活态度，思维方式，价值取向等 2）文章语言地道，条理清晰，结构紧凑，文章内容恰当，不要太专业化。如果要求考生有这方面的背景知识，则无疑会不恰当地提高试题的难度；如文章内容太少，过于浅显，则会使试题过易。文章应该自成一体。情景需明确，显得有头有尾。 3）阅读量大，文章篇幅长，一般 450 -600词。 4）体裁选择：四大主流文体：议论文，说明文，应用文，记叙文

江苏高考英语阅读理解题材分析：时间题材 A B C 关于人在生气时大脑反应的问题。妈妈写给即将出生的孩子的一封信，回忆自己成长的经历。 A 2015年关于人生机会的话题。 D 2014年关于厨房装修的风格话题。文章为配图的应用文体，内容涉及游客须知等旅游信息。 B 涉及旧的电子产品等业废弃物与环保的关系。 C 涉及志愿者服务的动机分析文章。 D 关于“自由”与“责任”的议论文。

命题来源： 1. 自然经济类文章的主要来源：The Economist (经济学家）等； 2. 科学技术类文章的主要来源：Discovery (探索）， Science (科学），National Geographic (国家地理）等； 3. 社会生活以及文化类文章的主要来源： Times(时代周刊)，USA Today (泰晤士报），The Guardian (卫报）, www. usnews. com(美国新闻在线）等； 4. 英美文学系列丛书：《书虫》，在线阅读版， www. kekenet. com/read/story 可可英文网等； 5. 国外经典名著；China Daily；BBC World News等

第二步：对原文进行改编改编后的文章尽量是语言难易适度（生词不宜过多），文章长短适宜。

第三步：寻找命题方向以及出题处命题方向： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 主旨大意题；理解信息题；词义推测题；判断和推理题；文章的基本结构题；作者的观点、意图和态度题。

常见的10大出题处： 1. 各段首末出题处 2. 转折出题处； 3. 条件、因果、目的出题处； 4. 特殊标点出题处； 6. 列举、举例与打比方出题处； 7. 对比、比较出题处； 8. 时间、数字出题处； 9. 长难句出题处； 10. “灭绝师太处”

各段首末出题句: 西方人习惯用总分总的演绎方式来写作：即文章一开始先提出自己的核心观点，然后具体一步步论证。笔者将这种写作方式概括成“倒立菱形结构”，如下图示：

即便具体到每个段落这样的微单元，也遵循这个 “倒立菱形结构” ，即

因此，从以上2个菱形我们可以得出结论，一般文章的主题段往往出现在首末段。同理，段落的主题句出现在该段的首末句。作为文章或者段落大意提纲挈领的概括，首末段和每段的首末句经常被作为高考阅读题设题的出处，而且大多是考查对文章或段落主旨的理解。

2013山东卷B篇第二段 Many of Gershwin’s songs were first written for musical plays performed in theatres in New York City. These plays were a popular form of entertainment in the 1920 s and 1930 s. Many of his songs have remained popular as ever. Over the years they have been sung and played in every possible way — from jazz to country. 　　61. Many of Gershwin’s musical works were ____. 　　A. written about New Yorkers 　　B. Composed for Paul Whiteman 　　C. played mainly in the countryside 　　D. performed in various ways 　　解析：选D。

转折出题处：作者常常会借用转折连词或副词来引出某项重要的事实或观点，转折词之后的内容往往表达的是作者写作的真实目的、观点或态度，而这又常常是文章中心关键所在，因此命题者会围绕这些地方出题。常见的表示转折关系的连词或副词除了however, but, yet以外，还有 or，nevertheless, while , though, although, at the same time等。另外值得注意的是， indeed, in fact, practically也常常用来表示前后语义的转折。

2013年上海 C篇第二段 In some modern countries it has for some time been fashionable to think that by free education for all—one can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. But we can already see that free education for all is not enough. We find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degree. They refuse to do what they think “low” work, and, in fact, work with hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such countries. But we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a completely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor. We can live without education, but we die if we have no food. If no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses，we should get terrible diseases in our towns. 　　64. The writer of the passage thinks that _______. 　　A. education can settle most of the world’s problems 　　B. free education for all probably leads to a perfect world 　　C. free education won’t help to solve problems 　　D. all the social problems can’t be solved by education 　　解析：选D。从本段第二句But we can already see that free education for all is not

条件、因果、目的出题处: 高考阅读的题目一般是有why, because, the purpose of something is to 这样的字眼; 再者，表示条件、因果、目的的关系词诸多，比如表条件，除了if, unless之外，还有on condition that, provided that等，因为表示这三类关系的词多，所以可以形成很好的词与词之间的同意替换，比如 2013年江苏卷的第 66题题干arose from与原文第三段最后一句because of 的同意替换。

2013广东D篇第三段 In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid — that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers. 　　43. For Internet universities, exams and diplomas will be valid if _____. 　　A. they can attract potential students 　　B. they can defeat academic cheating 　　C. they offer students online help 　　D. they offer many online courses 　　解析：选(B)。由题干中出现的if我们可知此题考查条件。找回原文并没有发现诸如provided that, given that 一般的if 同义词，但是火眼晶晶的同学们会发现原文中第三句中的 “Only with solid measures against cheating, experts say, can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid ”

特殊标点出题处：问号出现的三种情况应该引起大家重视：一是纯问号出现在首段，这时候大家要注意，该问号一般是设问句的标识，作者一般会自问自答，而回答通常出题。二是问号出现在首段，其功能在于引出文章主题，以上两点大家可看2011年江西卷D篇的71、72题; 三是问号出现在否定加疑问句，此时它表达的是一种肯定的含义，如2012年江苏卷A篇。其次议论文中的感叹号表达的是作者强烈的情感，易出题。最后还有广告信息类(2008年上海卷B篇)中的括号和星号(2012 年上海卷B篇)是对特殊注意点的注解和说明，也容易出题。

列举、举例与打比方出题处：列举、举例与打比方之所以容易考是因为他们能很好地论证作者的抽象观点，为了检验考生是不是能够通过具体例子或者打比方读懂作者抽象观点，命题者便瞄准了这些具体例子。再者，由于举例、例子出现出一般出现大量信息，而高考细节题的命题宗旨在于考察学生在错综复杂的信息中扫描出自己需要的有效信息(英文中我们叫scanning)，举例为scanning这一能力的考察提供了肥沃的土壤。最后，相信学生在做题过程中老是遇见诸如：Which of the following is included EXCEPT /included in something, 这是典型考察举例，例子的标志词之一。

对比、比较出题处：篇章阅读中，对比常常表现为新老观点的对比、错误与正确观念的对比，新事物与旧事物的对比等; 而这类文章的一般规律是作者列出一些陈旧或错误的观点，然后提出正确的观点对其反驳，　　比较则常常表现为两种或多种事物的优点、缺点、用途、功能、原理等特点的比较。这些地方往往是命题者青睐的地方。　　常见的表示对比或比较关系的词或短语有 while, whereas, than, compared with , in contrast to 等。解题时要留意这些词或短语，并注意对比及比较对象。

2011广东卷阅读B篇第三段 What’s interesting is that both cats and dogs have appeared to develop their intelligence. They can learn how to read each other’s body signals, suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. Once familiar with each other’s presence and body language, cats and dogs can play together, greet each other nose to nose, and enjoy sleeping together on the sofa. They can easily share the same water bowl and in some cases groom (梳理) each other. 　　34. It is suggested in Paragraph 4 that cats and dogs ______. 　　A. have common interests 　　B. are less different than was thought 　　C. have a common body language 　　D. are less intelligent than was expected 　　解析：选B。根据第三段第二句“suggesting that the two may have more in common than we previously suspected. ”这里出现了比较级的标志词than，可以知道二者存在比较关系，

时间、数字出题处：文章中时间，人物，数字以及他们之间的对应常常被命题者拿来出题目，在命题的时候可以设计一些计算。 2009 全国卷 2阅读B篇第三段 Overall, times are changing in the American home. In 1976, women busied themselves with 26 weekly hours of sweepingand-dusting work, compared with 17 hours in 2005. Men are taking on more housework, more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005. 　　46. How many hours of housework did men do every week in the 1970 s? 　　A. About 23. B. About 26. C. About 13. D. About 6. 　　解析：选D。

长难句出题处：为了选拔出英语功底较好的考生，长难句自然成了命题者命制难题来源的最佳选择。

“灭绝师太”出题处: 所谓灭绝师太，是指一件事情或者一个事物下了绝对化的定义，并且不容许有任何质疑和辩驳。由于这类词汇说得非常斩钉截铁并且较武断，属于文章极端处，比较醒目，自然而然成了考官的青睐考点。形容词系列：impossible 　　副词系列：the only, the most, always, constantly, continuously, totally, extremely, completely, hardly, absolutely, never 　　动词系列：Stop, ban, forbid, prohibit 　　代词系列：None / any /everything / nothing 情态动词：must

2013年江苏省阅读理解A篇 Guest Services …. . 　　If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location. 　　Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals 　　Stroller, locker and wheelchair rentals are available inside the Park at the Front Gate, beside Thrills Are Wonderland. 　　HIQ Smoking Policy 　　57. A visitor to the Park can ______. 　　A. rent a stroller outside Front Gate B. ask for first aid by Thunder Run 　　C. smoke in the Water Park D. leave his pet at Kid. Zville 　　解析：选(B)。根据B选项的first aid我们可以定位回原文第四小点 First Aid, 细读tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location, 一句我们可以看出“在停车场的任何位置我们可以叫任何人来急救。相比A、C、D选项，我们发现any 的出现让B选项的限制条件远比A、C、D宽松。据此，我们可以推断灭绝师太词汇的出现可以扩大信息的包容度，这也是它备受考官青睐的原因之一。

第四步：编制选项 1. 题干可以是一个问题，也可以是一个需要补全的句子； 2. 只要不是太复杂，题干应该包容尽可能多的信息，以避免各选项中内容重复；如： The secretary suggested that should_______. A. walk to theatre B. take a taxi to theatre C. take a bus to theatre D. run to theatre 各选项中的 to theatre 均应移至题干中。

3. 各题均应基于阅读材料，测试考生的阅读理解能力。考生如未阅读材料，或未真正读懂，应不能答对试题。试题应该考查考生对材料的阅读理解情况, 而非对试题本身的理解情况。不应容许考生凭背景知识答对试题。 4. 题干不应该过于简洁以至于限定不了考点, 太简单，难以突出考点，容易导致内容均为正确的选项。如： The girl is _______. A. poor B. clever C. lonely D. hungry 因无限制，几个选项不是全对，即是干扰性太差。

5. 答案项的设置方法 (1) 使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构； (2) 使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构； (3) 答案项是对生词、长句或难旬的解释； (4) 答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、推理或演绎； (5) 使用原文的上下义结构，如用“科学”涵盖“ 计算机、航天、发明、电子”等概念。

6. 干扰项的设置方式（1）张冠李戴: 命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。（2）偷梁换柱：干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。（3）无中生有: 干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干，或者改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已经发生的事情。

（4）动手动脚：干扰项通过增加、改变或去掉限定词，扩大或缩小语言范围（5）灭绝极端：本来可能发生的事，干扰项变得太绝对，太极端。（6）因果倒置：在命题因果关系题目，命题者有时把结果说成原因的一个方面进行干扰。（7）强盗逻辑：文章中有，但是跟问题没有因果关系，强加关系。

第五步：答案设置及检查 1. 防止学生选同样的答案，答案选项ABCD设计一般均匀化。 2. 整份阅读命制完成自己一定要从头到尾认真看一下，同时请同组的老师做一边看看命制是否有错误或者不妥的地方。如果有要及时的修改。

2008— 2015年江苏高考阅读理解答案选项分布情况：试卷 A B C D 2008 3 4 5 3 2009 2 5 4 4 2010 3 4 4 4 2011 3 5 4 3 2012 3 3 4 4 2013 4 4 4 3 2014 3 4 4 4 2015 4 4 3 4

选材改编： Rising sea levels, extremes of weather and more droughts and floods will all destroy the world’s energy systems as global warming picks up its pace, a new report has found. Energy companies are quite often cited as part of the problem of climate change, generating the lion’s share of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放), amounting to around 60% of the total. But they will also suffer as global warming worsens. Many large plants( 厂) are particularly threatened by floods because they lack protection from sudden storms. Electricity distribution(分配) networks are also likely to be affected. The vulnerability(脆弱) of energy systems to natural disasters was shown clearly when the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan had to be closed down following the 2011 tsunami (海啸), which encouraged governments around the world to review their nuclear policies. The World Energy Council(WEC) urged generators (companies that produce electricity)to examine their vulnerability to climate change, saying that with suitable adaptation the worst of the problems could be avoided. Christoph Frei, secretary general of WEC, said governments must play a key role in ensuring the world’s important infrastructure (基础实施) is protected. “ Climate change is certain to affect the energy sector (领域). We need powerful policy frameworks(框架) to unlock the long-term investments that are urgently needed to deliver the future we want. Leadership will be required at all levels. Despite efforts to increase energy efficiency, the amount of energy used globally is still set to rise. But the effects of this could be reduced if companies spend more energy on renewable and low-carbon forms of energy. However, there is little sign so far that energy companies around the world have got this message. Fossil fuels continues to dominate(支配) new investment(投资) in energy generation capacity, according to the International Energy Agency. Besides, we have failed in creating a global price for carbon emissions, which could help to reverse(颠倒) this trend. Another key focus must be energy distribution networks, according to the repot, as new technology can be used to make them “ smarter”, saving energy by distributing energy from generators to users in more intelligent ways. “ The time has come to get real about the challenges facing the energy sector. ” Frei said. Philipes Joubert, executive chairman of WEC’s global electricity initiative, and former president of Alstom Power, said large companies are taking note. “Leading business in this sector are increasingly realizing that business as usual is no longer acceptable.

命题方向：题目： 5个题目命题方向：（1）理解语篇主旨大意 1个；（2）理解文中具体信息 2个；（3）根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义1个（4）理解作者的观点、意图和态度 1个。

命题处： Rising sea levels, extremes of weather and more droughts and floods will all destroy the world’s energy systems as global warming picks up its pace, a new report has found. Energy companies are quite often cited as part of the problem of climate change, generating the lion’s share of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放), amounting to around 60% of the total. But they will also suffer as global warming worsens. Many large plants( 厂) are particularly threatened by floods because they lack protection from sudden storms. Electricity distribution(分配) networks are also likely to be affected. The vulnerability(脆弱) of energy systems to natural disasters was shown clearly when the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan had to be closed down following the 2011 tsunami (海啸), which encouraged governments around the world to review their nuclear policies. The World Energy Council(WEC) urged generators (companies that produce electricity)to examine their vulnerability to climate change, saying that with suitable adaptation the worst of the problems could be avoided. Christoph Frei, secretary general of WEC, said governments must play a key role in ensuring the world’s important infrastructure (基础实施) is protected. “ Climate change is certain to affect the energy sector (领域). We need powerful policy frameworks(框架) to unlock the long-term investments that are urgently needed to deliver the future we want. Leadership will be required at all levels. Despite efforts to increase energy efficiency, the amount of energy used globally is still set to rise. But the effects of this could be reduced if companies spend more energy on renewable and low-carbon forms of energy. However, there is little sign so far that energy companies around the world have got this message. Fossil fuels continues to dominate(支配) new investment(投资) in energy generation capacity, according to the International Energy Agency. Besides, we have failed in creating a global price for carbon emissions, which could help to reverse(颠倒) this trend. Another key focus must be energy distribution networks, according to the repot, as new technology can be used to make them “ smarter”, saving energy by distributing energy from generators to users in more intelligent ways. “ The time has come to get real about the challenges facing the energy sector. ” Frei said. Philipes Joubert, executive chairman of WEC’s global electricity initiative, and former president of Alstom Power, said large companies are taking note. “Leading business in this sector are increasingly realizing that business as usual is no longer acceptable.

选项设置： 1. The energy companies are also sufferers because _______. A. they are responsible for climate change. B. their greenhouse gas emissions make up 60% of the total. C. some sudden natural disasters have a great effect on them. D. the government provides no protection for them.

答案项是对生词、长句或难句的解释：原文：Many large plants( 厂) are particularly threatened by floods because they lack protection from sudden storms. 答案项： Some sudden natural disasters have a great effect on them.

干扰项的设置： 1. The energy companies are also sufferers because _______. A. they are responsible for climate change. （因果倒 B. their greenhouse gas emissions make up 60% of the total. （强盗逻辑） C. some sudden natural disasters have a great effect on them. D. the government provides no protection for them. （灭绝极端）

阅读理解教学策略

教学策略： 1. 如何去做主旨题； 2. 学会问诊学生存在的问题； 3. 向名师和一些社会培训机构学习； 4. 有效的针对性练习； 5. 鼓励学生多读。

有效的策略指导： 1. 串线法主旨题的解题策略 2. 文体分析法

串线法：第一步：精读首段和每段第一句文章的第一段一般是点出文章主题的之处，所以要精读第一段，抓住全文中心。除第一段外，剩余段落是在第一段基础上的细化。而一个段落的中心句又会出现在此段落的第一句话，故除首段外，其余各段精读第一句即可抓住该段的中心。第二步：注意每段的句意转折与总结处如果只精读每段第一句，会出现一个问题：该段其他句中出现的转折，对比，让步等语意会被遗漏掉。而转折、对比、让步又是作者提出新信息的地方，很重要。十大考点路标一章中我们也提到“转折、对比、让步”是常考的路标。故精读每段第一句后，扫一下看本段是否有转折、对比、让步的地方，如有，则必须精读。总结处作为对全段意义的概括，读后会加深我们对之前所读内容的理解，更快帮助我们把握该段主旨，详读百利无一弊。第三步：总结概括各段所读意思，抓出重复强调的信息读完每段，我们应总结各段大意。读完后，将各段信息串成一个整体。留心各段重复出现的信息。很多情况下，各段重复出现的信息即是文章的标题，大意和写作目的。

有效的策略指导： 1. 串线法主旨题的解题策略 2. 文体分析法

记叙文： 1. 类型：故事、小说、叙事散文、游记、传记、新闻（消息、通讯、报告文学、人物特写）等。 2. 特征：通过描述人物、事件的存在状态和变化过程传达某一主题或意图。文章一般人不离事；事不离人，写人的文章事情是重点；记事的文章人物是关键；夹叙夹议的文章一般事为铺垫，议为重点。 3. 要素：时间、地点、人物、事件（起因、过程、结果） 4. 重点：事件发生的顺序、前因后果、人物内心世界、情感态度。

说明文: 1. 类型：说明书、科普小品、科技报告、调查报告等。 2. 结构：总分模式，先给阐释对象下定义或作诠释，或总说整体状况、特点，然后分说各个侧面、各个部分；分说模式有时间式、空间式、主次式、深入式； 3. 说明方法：定义、诠释、举例、数字、比喻、比较、图表、分类等。 4. 重点：说明的事物之特征，特点，功能等。

议论文/论说文： 1. 类型：散文、随感、杂文、论文、思想评论、文艺评论、新闻评论等。 2. 三要素：论点（中心论点与分论点）、论据（事实论据与理论论据）、论证（推理与论证方法有：归纳、演绎、比喻、类比、对比、反证等）。 3. 基本结构：提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。 4. 重点：总论点（观点）、分论点；论证过程和方法；不同观点

应用文： 1. 类型：广告、通知、书信等。 2. 特点：语言简洁，省略及不规则的句子较多。 3. 重点：全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。

文体分析法： 1. 记叙文：人，事，议 2. 说明文：说明对象 3. 议论文：论点 4. 应用文：用途 1. 新闻类、广告信息类、科学研究类首段信息是主旨。 2. 演讲类文章首段或末段信息是主旨。 3. 科技报告、调查报告的结果一般是主旨。 4. 说明类文章，题干和选项中重复出现的信息一般是文章的主旨。 5. 说明文，议论文首段转折后一般是文章的主题。

主旨题实例： Rising sea levels, extremes of weather and more droughts and floods will all destroy the world’s energy systems as global warming picks up its pace, a new report has found. Energy companies are quite often cited as part of the problem of climate change, generating the lion’s share of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions (排放), amounting to around 60% of the total. But they will also suffer as global warming worsens. Many large plants( 厂) are particularly threatened by floods because they lack protection from sudden storms. Electricity distribution(分配) networks are also likely to be affected. The vulnerability(脆弱) of energy systems to natural disasters was shown clearly when the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan had to be closed down following the 2011 tsunami (海啸), which encouraged governments around the world to review their nuclear policies. The World Energy Council(WEC) urged generators (companies that produce electricity)to examine their vulnerability to climate change, saying that with suitable adaptation the worst of the problems could be avoided. Christoph Frei, secretary general of WEC, said governments must play a key role in ensuring the world’s important infrastructure (基础实施) is protected. “ Climate change is certain to affect the energy sector (领域). We need powerful policy frameworks(框架) to unlock the long-term investments that are urgently needed to deliver the future we want. Leadership will be required at all levels. Despite efforts to increase energy efficiency, the amount of energy used globally is still set to rise. But the effects of this could be reduced if companies spend more energy on renewable and low-carbon forms of energy. However, there is little sign so far that energy companies around the world have got this message. Fossil fuels continues to dominate(支配) new investment(投资) in energy generation capacity, according to the International Energy Agency. Besides, we have failed in creating a global price for carbon emissions, which could help to reverse(颠倒) this trend. Another key focus must be energy distribution networks, according to the repot, as new technology can be used to make them “ smarter”, saving energy by distributing energy from generators to users in more intelligent ways. “ The time has come to get real about the challenges facing the energy sector. ” Frei said. Philipes Joubert, executive chairman of WEC’s global electricity initiative, and former president of Alstom Power, said large companies are taking note. “Leading business in this sector are increasingly realizing that business as usual is no longer acceptable.

文体分析法： What can be the best title for this passage? A. Energy companies are to blame for their behavior. B. Renewable and low-carbon forms of energy will be a trend. C. Energy distribution networks must be smarter. D. The world’s energy systems suffer from climate change.

文体分析法：文体分析：新闻类应试策略：文章首段首段：Rising sea levels, extremes of weather and more droughts and floods will all destroy the world’s energy systems as global warming picks up its pace, a new report has found. 选项：The world’s energy systems suffer from climate change.

学会问诊学生存在的问题：个人思维 Step four 文章结构长难句词汇 Step three Step two Step one

向名师和一些社会培训机构学习：

有效的针对性练习：主旨大意专题突破词汇猜测专题突破传统的练习：文章结构专题突破态度观点专项突破细节理解专项突破长难句专项突破阅读理解同义替换专项突破创新的练习词汇层面转换句子层面转换词汇与句子转换读写任务（拟标题+读写任务）

创新的练习：词汇层面转换原文： Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard. (2009 年上海卷A 篇）正确项：George and Richard were c______ at ompetitors school. 原文： The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not IQ, a generally bed predictor of success. Instead, it’s purposeful practice. (2009 年上海卷D篇） ecisive 正确项：the d_____ factor is making a genius.

创新的练习：词汇与句子层面转换原文：So I waited and waited, but there was still no call. Three hours passing by, I became more and more impatient. I was certain that my agent didn’t care about my work, and he didn’t care about me. I was overcome with that thought. (2009年重庆卷）. angry 正确项：I was _______ with my agent.

创新的练习：句子层面转换原文：The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) advises that next year states increase by nearly 15% the amount of time traffic lights provide for pedestrians to cross the street after the flashing o r a n g e h a n d a p p e a r s. ( 2 0 0 9年四川卷D 篇） more time to cross 正确项：Giving pedestrians ___________ streets ________.

创新的练习：读写任务 Dutch treat is a late-nineteenth-century term, and it originally refers to a dinner where everyone is expected to pay for his own share of the food and drink. If people go “Dutch treat”, or simply “go Dutch”, it means that they will share the expenses of a social engagement. There are many other “Dutch” expressions in English, many of which were invented in Britain in the seventeenth century, when the Dutch and the English were commercial and military rivals. The British used “Dutch” to refer to something bad, cheap and shameful. A “Dutch bargain” at that time was an uneven, one-sided deal; “Dutch reckoning” was an unitemized account; and “Dutch widow” was slang for prostitute. Later centuries brought in “Dutch courage”, for bravery induced by drink; “Dutch concert”, for discordant music; “Dutch nightingale”, meaning a frog; and “double Dutch”, for incomprehensible language, or unintelligible talk. Some of the expressions are still in use today, but some are not. In fact, in American English, some “Dutch” expressions have nothing to do with the Dutch, but something with the German. It was probably because of the similar spelling and pronunciation that people made a mistake in distinguishing between “Dutch” and “Deutsch” (the German word for German), when German immigrants came to America in the 1700 s. For instance, “the Pennsylvania Dutch” refers to the German descendants, instead of the Dutch descendants, living in Pennsylvania. 1. Make a title of the text. 2. Use about 30 words to summarize the text.

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完形填空 阅读理解命题技巧探讨 滨海中学 魏海洋 close reading comprehension

完形填空阅读理解命题技巧探讨滨海中学魏海洋 close reading comprehension