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IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet 音标
国际音标 分类：英语中共有48个音标，元音 20个，辅音 28个。 前元音 /i: /, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/ ｛ ｛ 单元音 元音 中元音 /ɜ: /, /ǝ/, /ʌ/ 后元音 /u: /, /ʊ/, /ɔ: /, /ɒ/, /ɑ: / 双元音 /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /ǝʊ/, /aʊ/, /ɪǝ/, /eǝ/, /ʊǝ/ 爆破音 / p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ 辅音 磨檫音/f/, /v/, /∫/, /3 /, /θ /, /δ /, /s/, /z/, /h/, /r/ , /tʃ/, /d 3/, /tr/, /dr/ , /ts/, /dz/ 鼻音 /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ 舌边音 /l/ 半元音 /w/, /j/
Vowels（元音） -pure vowels（单元音） 前元音： /i: /, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/
/i: / 例词： he sea tree field 短语： green leaves clean street deep sea eat the meat 例句： A: Would you like coffee or tea? B: Tea, please. A: OK. I have tea, too.
/ɪ/- /i/ 例词： pin ship hill chicks 短语： a big ship Miss Smith fifty pictures interesting films 例句： A: Is Lily in? B: Lily is ill in bed. C: Oh, I’m sorry.
/e/-/ε/ 例词： pen head leg well 短语： ten pence expensive cigarettes very well went to America 例句： A: How did you spend your holiday? B: I went to Beijing. A: Was it expensive? B: Yes , very.
/æ/ 例词： apple lantern hand parachute 短语： black cat traveling bag mad man matter-of –fact 例句： A: Ann is traveling to Japan. B: How happy she is ! A: She is very happy.
Vowels（元音） -pure vowels（单元音） 中元音： /ɜ: /, /ǝ/, /ʌ/
/ɜ: /- /ǝ: / 例词： girl bird work turn 短语： early bird thirsty person superb work perfect search 例句： A: He always arrives work early. B: But he wasn’t early this morning. A: You weren’t early either.
/ǝ/ 例词： teacher picture breakfast welcome 短语： a glass of water brothers and sisters a quarter to seven a book about China 例句： A: look at the clock！ B: what’s the time? A: it’s a quarter to seven
/ʌ/ 例词： cup run jump flood 短语： hurry up! rubbish dump trust us! mustn’t worry 例句： A: It’s sunny today. B: Yes, isn’t it. A: My uncle will go to London next Monday. B: How lucky he is!
Vowels（元音） -pure vowels（单元音） 后元音： /u: /, /ʊ/, /ɔ: /, /ɒ/, /ɑ: /
/u: / 例词： zoo who food blue 短语： a tooth for a tooth Sue and Lucy fruit juice two shoes 例句： A: Look at my new shoes? B: Oh, they are beautiful. A: Your boots are beautiful, too.
/ʊ/-/v/ 例词： foot wood book push 短语： good cook good book couldn’t look pudding without sugar 例句： A: Where did you put the book? B: Which book? A: The book you bought yesterday.
/ɔ: / 例词： fork ball morning airport 短语： four balls morning glory score board sports reporter 例句： A: I see two children on the blackboard. B: He is short. A: She is shorter.
/ɒ/- /ɔ/ 例词： cock shop job hospital 短语： hot coffee on the box long job drop the pot 例句： A: I have a bad cough. B: You must see a doctor. A: Yes, I must go to the hospital.
/ɑ: / 例词： car garden star guitar 短语： fast car heart transplant half mast stars and bars 例句： A: You look very smart today. B: Thank you. C: What a marvelous dancer you are. Let me take a photograph of you.
Vowels（元音） -diphthongs（双元音） /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /ǝʊ/, /aʊ/, /ɪǝ/, /eǝ/, /ʊǝ/
/eɪ/-/ei/ 例词： face rain cake wait 短语： eight cakes railway station waste paper wait for the mail 例句： A: It’s my birthday today. B: Happy birthday A: Thank you. Come to my birthday party. And don’t be late.
/aɪ/-/ai/ 例词： sky kite write bicycle 短语: white lie eye for eye high tide silent night 例句： A: It’s a fine day today. The sun is shining brightly. B: Yes, I feel hot. I like an ice-cream now. A: Yes, I do, too.
/ɔɪ/-/ɔi/ 例词： boy boil noise coin 短语： a spoilt boy an annoying voice a noisy toy Joyce's boyfriend 例句： A: Look at my toy gun. B: Oh, what a good toy! A: Shall we join our friends in the garden? B: Yes, let’s go.
/ǝʊ/-/ǝv/ 例词： coast throw boat toe 短语： Joe’s coat go to the window load and unload throw a snowball 例句： A: Look! He has a boat. B: Is he going to row? A: I think so.
/aʊ/-/av/ 例词： cow house mouth trousers 短语： shout down town brown mouse round lounge 例句： A: Is she milking the cow? B: Yes, she is. A: Is the cow in he house? B: No. She is on the dairy farm.
/ɪǝ/-/iǝ/ 例词： ear queer zero beard 短语： the atmosphere queer skier weary mountaineer experienced engineer 例句： A: Let’s have some beer here. B: What a good idea! A: What shall we do after having beer? B: We shall go to theatre.
/eǝ/-/εǝ/ 例词： hair bare pear chair 短语： millionaire’s heir mayor’s parents square chairs careful librarian 例句： A: Where is my pen? B: It’s over there on the chair. A: Thank you. It’s really there.
/ʊǝ/-/vǝ/ 例词： tour poor jury gourd 短语： poor tourists furious jury tour from China European gourd 例句： A: I received a letter from my uncle. He’s sick with influenza. B: I’m sorry. Is he still in Europe. A: Yes. He’s still working in London. B: He must speak fluent English.
Consonants（辅音） -plosives（爆破音） /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
/p/ 例词： pig pot pond plan 短语： pick up a piece of pork a pepper pot a pen and a pencil 例句： A: Do you collect stamps? B: Yes, I do. A: Will you show me your stamp album? B: Yes, they are upstairs. Let me go and fetch them.
/b/ 例词： bus bed bench brush 短语： Big Ben a big bottle beautiful blouses blue butterflies 例句： A: Is this your handbag? B: No, it isn’t my handbag is not brown. A: What color is you handbag? B: It’s black.
/t/ 例词： tie taxi tap telephone 短语： tit for tat flat foot tip of the tongue tale-teller 例句： A: I’m hungry. I want something to eat. B: What about some steak? Let’s go to the restaurant! A: Yes, let’s go.
/d/ 例词： door doctor head wind 短语： darling daughter dark red played cards listened to the radio 例句： A: What did you do last night？ B: I studied last night. A: Did you study all night? B: No, I didn’t. I listened to the radio for some time.
/k/ 例词： car duck clock park 短语： the back of the car a quarter to six ask question cool as cucumber 例句： A: I like chocolate cakes. B: You do? Do you often have chocolate cakes? A: Yes, I do. B: If you want to keep fit, don’t eat too many
/g/ 例词： bag dog goat grape 短语： good girl as good as gold go to the grocer’s get angry 例句： A: Can you play the guitar? B: Yes, I played my guitar in the garden and song again and again with my friends last night. A: You must have had a good time last night.
Consonants（辅音） -fricatives（摩擦音） /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, /r/
/f/ 例词： laugh fat fish family 短语： fresh fruit sofa fast food feel fine 例句： A: Look at Freda! She is fashionable. B: Her hat is funny. A: Look at her fur coat. It’s fabulous.
/v/ 例词: vet village volcano television 短语： lovely view leaving arriving village vet leaves of the vine 例句： A: Who’s driving the van? B: I think victor is. A: Who is victor? B: He is my new neighbor, he has lived here for only a few months.
/θ/ 例词： tooth month thin thirsty 短语： three thousand healthy author Martha's birthday thirty mathematicians 例句： A: My father is a mathematician. B: No wonder you are good at mathematics. A: To tell you the truth, my father never teaches me math.
/ð/ 例词： father breathe that feather 短语： smooth leather better than others get together another brother 例句： A: Lily is taller than Mary. B: But Mary is slimmer than Lily. A: Look at them. They’re doing physical exercise together.
/s/ 例词： sun small horse bicycle 短语： sleep soundly some books expensive cigarettes sit in the sun 例句： A: These are cups. B: Those are saucers. A: They’re nice cups and saucers.
/z/ 例词： zoo prize bees nose 短语： jazz music these days close the windows zero animal 例句： A: Let’s go to the zoo. B: Good. I like looking at the zebras. C: I like the monkeys there. Let’s go.
/ʃ/ 例词： fish sugar shoe shop 短语： fashion shops friendship association British shoes washing machine 例句： A: This shop sells washing-machines. B: Do they sell air-conditioners, too. A: Sure.
/ʒ/ 例词： garage pleasure measure collision 短语： an unusual collision a great decision measure a garage my pleasure 例句： A: Lily likes clothes for casual wear. B: Clothes for casual wear are comfortable, A: I like to wear them in my leisure time.
/h/ 例词： hat hard hen high 短语： heart and head-to-head high heels happy honeymoon 例句： A: There was a car accident here last Sunday. B: Oh, it’s horrible! A: Were you here when the accident happened? B: No, I only heard about it.
/ʧ/ 例词： cheek chicken church watch 短语： Chinese chess which butcher chicken and chips change much 例句： A: Where are the two children? B: They’re having lunch. A: Here are some cherries for them. B: Thank you very much.
/ ʤ/ 例词： jeep jug orange bridge 短语： a large jeep adjust the engine injured passengers orange juice 例句： A: I have an orange. B: Oh, your orange is large. Look! I’ve got a large sandwich. A: Yes, it is a very large one.
/r/ 例词： rose lorry rubber rocket 短语： American waitress grown up children a married secretary French restaurant 例句： A: Rose works as a secretary at the railway station. B: She does? She is a very pretty girl. A: Yes, very.
Consonants（辅音） -nasals（鼻音） /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
/m/ 例词： moon home medicine mountain 短语： man-made come tomorrow make a mistake middle name 例句： A: Mum has come back home. B: Marvelous. A: Mom says we’ll go and see a movie tonight. B: Yes, we certainly will.
/n/ 例词： neck tin night noise 短语： neat brandy a negative answer telephone number harden the neck 例词： A: What a nice postcard of the Grand Canyon! B: They are wonderful. A: Who sent it to you? B: A friend of mine.
/ŋ/ 例词： ink ring sing monkey 短语： ring-ding rising diphthong string playing ping-pang 例句： A: Do you like drinking tea? B: Yes, I do. A: We are advised to drink more tea than coffee. B: Tea is good for health.
Consonants（辅音） -lateral（舌侧音） /l/
/l/ 例词： black light jelly lemon 短语： early for lunch leg of lamb a glass of lemonade yellow jelly 例句： A: Mum, is lunch ready? I’m hungry. B: OK, lunch is ready. A: What’s for lunch, Mum? B: We’ll have lamb and potato salad.
Consonants（辅音） -semi-vowels（半元音） /j/, /w/
/j/ 例词： yellow yacht yolk year 短语： yolk yellow new year’s day new York university a tough onion 例句： A: My brother was a music student. B: What does he do now? A: He is now in Europe working as a business man.
/w/ 例词： week whale window 短语： weight watcher weeping willow weave a web wet wind 例句： A: Don’t look out of the window. B: Oh, I’m sorry, I’m thinking of my dog. Today is a wet day. A: Do you think your dog will be lost in the woods on a wet day?
Consonants（辅音） -fricatives（摩擦音） /ts/, /dz/, /tr/, /dr/
/ts/ students coats cats boats /dz/ heads reads beds hands /tr/ tree truck train trace /dr/ dress drink drain dream
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