e9501a4498c14e33110102c2214b9ef0.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 17
(一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分 类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论 概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨 把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专 有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如, the Great Wall, America…它们是不能随意变动的。而 普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen, worker…它表示单 一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family, class, team, 它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词, 如:water, paper…它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后 一种是抽象名词,如: work, time…它表示着一种在实际 生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某 些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。
种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
• • • 功用 主语 My family is now in New York. 表语 His father is a scientist. 宾语 We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work. • 定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs. • 状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars. • 同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.
• 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可 数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数 名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单 数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、 抽象名词等,如: English, air, water, cotton, work…可数名词是 可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有 单数形式和复数形式两种。
可数名词复数形式的构成规律是: • 1. 一般情况加s, 如:pen—pens, doctor—doctors, boy— boys, 其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音 后读[z]。如: map—map , boy—boys. • 2. 在以s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus— buses, class—classes, 其读音为[iz]。 • 3. 以ce, se, ze, (d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。 • 4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作 [z],如:factory—factories, country—countries, family —families. 但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数 形式只加s,如: boy—boys, day—days。 • 5. 以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是 元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如: tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes; photo—photos, radio— radios, piano—pianos
• 6. 以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe 变为v再加es,如:knife—knives, leaf— leaves, 但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式 是roofs。 • 7. 不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的, 它没有规律可循,如: man—men, woman— women, child—children, foot—feet, tooth— teeth, mouse—mice • 8. 单复同形的名词有:fish, sheep, deer… • 9. 单数形式但其意为复数的名词有 : people, police等。
• 名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾 格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或 物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的 名词的所有格其单数形式是加's其复数形式 是s',如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's,如: a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day. 在表示时间、距离、世界、 国家……名词的所有格要用's,如:a twenty minutes' walk. 但无生命名词的所有 格则必须用of结构,如:the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
• • • • (二) 正误辨析 [误]Please give me a paper. [正]Please give me a piece of paper. [析]不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不 可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误, 因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表 达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达,如:two pieces of paper. [误]Please give me two letter papers. [正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper. [析]paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可 数名词,如:Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt. [误]My glasses is broken. [正]My glasses are broken. [误]I want to buy two shoes. [正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes. [析]英语中glasses—眼镜,shoes—鞋,trousers—裤子等由两部分组成 的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glasses而这 时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:This pair of glasses is very good. [误]May I borrow two radioes? [正]May I borrow two radios? [析]以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果o前面是一个 元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos, piano— pianos.
• • • • [误]This is a Mary's dictionary. [正]This is Mary's dictionary. [析]如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those, 及其他修饰词our, some, every, which, 或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。 [误]There are much people in the garden. [正]There are many people in the garden. [析]可数名词前应用many, few, a lot of 来修饰,而people是可数 名词,而且是复数名词,如:The people are planting trees here. [误]I want a few water. [正]I want a little water. [析]不可数名词前可以用a little, a lot of, some来修饰,但不可用 many, few来修饰。 [误]Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me. [正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me. [误]Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us. [正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us. [误]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me. [正]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me. [析]集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中 的个体则应视为复数。如: My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名 词有:family class, team等。
[误]Don't eat too much meats. [误]Food in that restaurant is very good. [误]Please give me two waters. [误]Can you give me the newspaper of today? [误]Please make a room for the lady in the school bus. [误]There is a flowers garden behind my house. [误]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning. [误]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend. [误]I offered my son my congratulation on his success.
[误]There are two As in this word. [误]There are three 6 s and two 3 s in my telephone number. [误]We have many woman teachers in our school. [误]Physics are very difficult to learn. [误]There is a people in the room. [误]Where is my shoe? [误]There are many fruit in the shop. [误]There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's. [误]It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature. [误]He is an old friend of my father. [误]My father is a good cooker.
[误]The young is dancing there. [误]The stories of the book was written many years ago [误]This is one of the English Chinese dictionary. [误]Let's go to uncle Wang for supper. [误]I think we will make a friend with each other. [误]I want to tell you much pieces of good news. [误]The teacher with five students are coming here. 误]There a lot of information here, but we don't need them. 误]Many a student make the same mistake in the exam. [正]Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam. [误]The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.
[误]I like to study the English. [正]I like to study English. [析]作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词,而作为某 一特指学科则要加冠词,如:I like to study history. I like to study the history of America. [误]The Browns is going to visit China. 正]The Browns are going to visit China. [析]定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人 ”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为:Brown 先生一家将要访问中国。G: 九年级第二轮复习 2008初中英语中考总复习大全. doc
• [析]英文中cloth, clothes, clothing是易混 之词:cloth是物质名词,意为“布”,没有复 数形式,而clothing是指衣物的总称,也没 有复数形式。clothes是指衣服,但没有单 数形式,如:This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth. 英文中的dress则指较正规的服装, 如:a school dress 校服,an evening dress晚礼服。
• [析]无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但 是's形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词: 表示时间的词:today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示 长度的词:three metres' distance, a boat's length, twenty miles' journey 表示重量的 名词:two pounds' weight价格名词:two dollars'worth拟人化的名词:Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机 关、团体、城市等机构性名词:the university's library
e9501a4498c14e33110102c2214b9ef0.ppt