WORDS make up a 1
PHRASE makes up 2
SENTENCES make up a 3
“A solidly written paragraph takes its readers on a clear path, without detours. ” PARAGRAPH - a group of sentences organized around a central topic. 4
PARTS OF A PARAGRAPH 1 2 3 Topic Sentence - tells the reader what the paragraph is going to be about. - It also helps the writing under control. - sometimes called the “controlling idea" of a paragraph. Supporting Sentence – make the topic more interesting or help explain it more clearly. - It helps support a topic sentence through providing sensory details, facts, or examples that expand upon, explain, or prove a paragraph’s main idea or topic sentence. Clincher/Concluding Sentence –provides a logical conclusion based on the information found in the supporting sentences. -also used to cement the main idea in the reader’s mind. 5
My mother is neither tall nor heavy, but she’s the biggest person in my life. There has been no other person with a greater influence on me. Most mothers feed, wash, and clothe their children, and my mother is no exception. But more than this, she made sure that I received the finest education possible. This education was not at expensive schools or famous universities, but at home, by her knee, patiently. My mother explained to me the difference between right and wrong; the virtues of generosity, honesty, and hard work; and the importance of family and social ties. From her I understood who I was, where I belonged, and how I should spend my energy. No matter how big I might grow to be, I hope to be as great as my mother. © Jam Olazo 6
My mother is neither tall nor heavy, but she’s the biggest person in my life. There has been no other person with a greater influence on me. Most mothers feed, wash, and clothe their children, and my mother is no exception. But more than this, she made sure that I received the finest education possible. This education was not at expensive schools or famous universities, but at home, by her knee, patiently. My mother explained to me the difference between right and wrong; the virtues of generosity, honesty, and hard work; and the importance of family and social ties. From her I understood who I was, where I belonged, and how I should spend my energy. No matter how big I might grow to be, I hope to be as great as my mother. Topic Sentence Supporting Sentence Clincher © Jam Olazo 7
UNITY COHERENCE FOUR ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS ORDER COMPLETENESS © Jam Olazo 8
UNITY • Refers to the extent to which all of the ideas contained within a given paragraph ‘hang together’ in a way that is easy for the reader to understand. • Unity in a paragraph begins with the topic sentence. © Jam Olazo 9
ORDER • Refers to the way you organize your supporting sentences. Whether in chronological order, order of importance, or another logical presentation detail. • Helps the reader grasp the meaning and avoid confusion © Jam Olazo 10
COHERENCE • The quality the makes your writing understandable. • Closely related to UNITY. Paragraph need to connect each other and work together as a whole. • Uses transition words that show order (first second, third); logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact) © Jam Olazo 11
COMPLETENESS • Completeness means a paragraph is welldeveloped. • If all sentences clearly and sufficiently support the main idea. © Jam Olazo 12
Paragraph writing is the foundation of all essay writing, whether the form is expository, persuasive, narrative, etc. © Jam Olazo 13
DIFFERENCE? PARAGRAPH 1. generally much shorter than an essay 2. should be centered on one idea only or write about only one topic ESSAY 1. Consists of many paragraphs 2. you could explore many ideas while talking about one general topic If you take the parts of a paragraph and expand them, you can create an essay. 14
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT Developing paragraphs in a variety of patterns that reflect your thinking about the material. As you write the topic sentence and its supporting sentences, look for ways to structure your thinking. Where one author advances his or her material by narrating a series of events, another undertakes a physical description and another undertakes an analysis of the topic. © Jam Olazo 15
PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT Process Analysis Paragraph Description Paragraph Narration Paragraph Classification Paragraph Exposition Paragraph Persuasion Paragraph Definition Paragraph © Jam Olazo 16
NARRATION PARAGRAPH • are most frequently used in fiction and personal statements. • Requires consequently, accounting for sequential order of events and chronology. • like telling the reader a story. ELEMENTS Protagonist Setting Goal Climax Resolution 17
Example of a Narrative Paragraph The one day I spent in Morocco, Africa was an experience of a lifetime. When I finally reached Morocco and got off the bus, there were four little girls standing shoeless in the hot sun. After I swallowed my tears, I could not even try to picture this in America as it is not something you often see in the U. S. Meanwhile my tourist guide instructed me not to give them money as it encouraged the children to beg; however, I was wearing four silver bracelets. As I walked over to the girls, their eyes watched my every move. Then I kneeled down to their level while I gave each girl a bracelet. They stood there gleaming at me, for they were pleased. I felt completely in disbelief that this tiny gesture could mean so much. Though this experience was upsetting, and a huge culture shock, it will stay with me forever. © Jam Olazo 18
n Protago ist – self rrator it the na Setting – Morocco, Africa Goal – nar rator wan ted to giv somethin e g to the sh oeless girl s e instructed e – the tourist guid Obstacl money tor not to give them The narra a gave tor arra d tells n – the girl an erience n lutio r each he exp Reso let fo at t ce d th bra er min tay his/h rever s fo will Narrative Paragraph The one day I spent in Morocco, Africa was an experience of a lifetime. When I finally reached Morocco and got off the bus, there were four little girls standing shoeless in the hot sun. After I swallowed my tears, I could not even try to picture this in America as it is not something you often see in the U. S. Meanwhile my tourist guide instructed me not to give them money as it encouraged the children to beg; however, I was wearing four silver bracelets. As I walked over to the girls, their eyes watched my every move. Then I kneeled down to their level while I gave each girl a bracelet. They stood there gleaming at me, for they were pleased. I felt completely in disbelief that this tiny gesture could mean so much. Though this experience was upsetting, and a huge culture shock, it will stay with me forever. 19
EXPOSITION PARAGRAPH • written in order to clarify or explain problems and phenomena, and requires strict focus on evidence and objective language. • provides essential examples as well as comparison &contrast, or cause & effect writing as both facilitate accurate exposition of the subject matter ELEMENTS Formal Language Evidence Explanation Background 20
Example of an Exposition Paragraph A disease that causes chronic gastrological disorders, IBD, is envisioned in a spectrum of severities. Cats can vomit heavily, and suffer from continuous diarrhea. Reasons for the disease are yet unknown. Bacterial infections, gastrological irritation, lack of vitamins are often quoted as factors contributing to the development of the disease. Veterinarians, treating IBD in cats, usually prescribe medicine and advice on the dietary management as well as make surgical choices. If untreated, IBD, can be fatal for cats. Research - conducted mostly by pet owners - shows that a cat’s diet can be critical. Further research will include inspection of several vaccines. So far, grain-free, raw meat diet has already proved to be largely beneficial. © Jam Olazo 21
s term fic enti al, ci e –s form ag angu ad of in l. L rma d Inste lary Fo se bu re u ve voca a i h, mot e earc ns res s to pariso e renc d com efe e – r mple an nc vide al exa E tic of Prac iety he ar he v ining t ts t oun , expla c – ac ristic on nati haracte s a Expl nts c ptom e ailm nd sym a dy Risk lrea a es to eir lat – re and th. Info ches nd r grou d resea s k Bac ucte lt d resu Con inary im prel Exposition Paragraph A disease that causes chronic gastrological disorders, IBD, is envisioned in a spectrum of severities. Cats can vomit heavily, and suffer from continuous diarrhea. Reasons for the disease are yet unknown. Bacterial infections, gastrological irritation, lack of vitamins are often quoted as factors contributing to the development of the disease. Veterinarians, treating IBD in cats, usually prescribe medicine and advice on the dietary management as well as make surgical choices. If untreated, IBD, can be fatal for cats. Research - conducted mostly by pet owners - shows that a cat’s diet can be critical. Further research will include inspection of several vaccines. So far, grain -free, raw meat diet has already proved to 22 be largely beneficial.
DEFINITION PARAGRAPH • used in order to explain the meaning, origin and function of things. They are used both in academic writing and fiction. • Serves the purpose of giving a reader a complete definition of a concept, a term or an idea. ELEMENTS Explanation of Meaning Account of the Origin of Things Method Examples and Comparisons Citing Verifiable Sources 23
Example of a Definition Paragraph The IAU has so far recognized five dwarf planets differentiated from planets by a parameter of “planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits. According to Nation Master Encyclopedia dwarf planets follow orbits which are not free from other minor celestial bodies. Simultaneously, they always circulate the Sun and not other celestial objects (they are not satellites). Several dwarf planets have already been scrutinized effectively. Their physical properties have been calculated through routine Earth-based observations as well as advanced image-searching software. Since current data may not be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by astronomers and physicists world-wide. © Jam Olazo 24
why xplains ng - e Meani are called n of lanatio tial objects Exp eles rtain c nets” ce f pla “dwar efly s - bri al Thing igin of f astronomic t of Or ccoun he history o rf planets A a ts t ecoun elating to dw r yr scrutin ions servat cal ob onomi owledge of n w astr d – ho emporary k ho Met ont nced c m influe syste e solar th ed explain ets, ons – n mparis h regular pla Co it s and ample mparisons w objects Ex h co stial throug s other cele la as wel es to ferenc aries, – re ources rom diction iable s f g verif , quotation tin ces Ci pedia ritative sour o encycl r autho he and ot Definition Paragraph The IAU has so far recognized five dwarf planets differentiated from planets by a parameter of “planetary discriminant” which allows estimating the capacity to dominate orbits. According to Nation Master Encyclopedia dwarf planets follow orbits which are not free from other minor celestial bodies. Simultaneously, they always circulate the Sun and not other celestial objects (they are not satellites). Several dwarf planets have already been scrutinized effectively. Their physical properties have been calculated through routine Earth-based observations as well as advanced imagesearching software. Since current data may not be entirely accurate, further examinations are undertaken by astronomers and physicists world-wide. 25
CLASSIFICATION PARAGRAPH • concentrated on defining as well as making relevant comparisons. ELEMENTS Descriptive Vocabulary Multiple Contextualization Definition Comparison Performed on Multiple Levels: Semantic – comparing different meanings of things Linguistic – using vocabulary to show contrast © Jam Olazo 26
Example of a Classification Paragraph A first date can end up being categorized as successful, a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first dates include both parties expressing information about what they like, who they are, and so forth. Usually, these dates will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates end up with one of the parties practically begging for information about the other. However, the non-clinger is not interested. On boastful dates, one member of the duo talks about all of his or her skills, talents, and abilities. The listening end of the pair is never asked about his or her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of silence or one or both of the partners not knowing how to act appropriately. While many dates occur every day, they can generally fall into one of these categories. © Jam Olazo 27
ject r an ob erms ea, o erm, id ne its own t n–t efinitio briefly defi D ted presen Comparison – define things by comparing and contrastin g showing cru cial functions and diverse u se of meaning ribe desc ation – tualiz Contex situations le Multip different in things Descriptive Vo cabulary – ad verbs & adjectives sho uld point to th e contrast between two or more thing s (boring vs int eresting) Classification Paragraph A first date can end up being categorized as successful, a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first dates include both parties expressing information about what they like, who they are, and so forth. Usually, these dates will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates end up with one of the parties practically begging for information about the other. However, the non-clinger is not interested. On boastful dates, one member of the duo talks about all of his or her skills, talents, and abilities. The listening end of the pair is never asked about his or her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of silence or one or both of the partners not knowing how to act appropriately. While many dates occur every day, they can generally fall into one of these categories. 28
DESCRIPTION PARAGRAPH • Describing and creating a dominant sensory impression to the readers. • Help the readers to understand a story setting by creating visual pictures and giving readers a mental image of a scene. • Should be detailed, clear, and render the represented reality chronologically. ELEMENTS Information Context Descriptive Language © Jam Olazo 29
Example of Description Paragraph “Let’s walk, ” she says serenely, slipping her arm in mine and heading into Central Park. As she strolls along, folks check her out and occasionally point. She is tall, strong, and straight-backed, glowing with vegan health and moving confidently through the crowds in her all-black ensemble. In videos and photos, she looks like she has a prominent jaw, but in person it is much softer, as are her other features (Windex-blue eyes, glossy black hair). Her voice is gentle and melodious, and she looks you square in the eye when she speaks. —from Jancee Dunn’s “The Cole Truth, ” Rolling Stone 786, May, 1998. © Jam Olazo 30
PROCESS ANALYSIS PARAGRAPH - very concise and uses formal, non-descriptive vocabulary. - It should be written in chronological order accounting for subsequent actions or events. ELEMENTS Chronology Clarity Explanation 31
Example of a Process Analysis Paragraph The problem of hairballs that have already formed in cat’s fur can be solved by proper brushing. In order to brush your cat’s hairballs, you’ll need two kinds of brushes: a wide-teeth wipe and a metallic one. The former will help you dissolve and, partially, remove tightly knotted hairballs without causing any pain or discomfort to your cat. The latter, used subsequently, will remove excess of loose puffy hair and decrease the possibility of reoccurrence the next day. Once brushing is over, make sure to polish your cat’s fur all over his body with the help of a clean, cotton, or woolen cloth. © Jam Olazo 32
Chronology – gives a guide/instruction by way of telling the reader how to do the treatment Clarity – the information is clear so as the instruction given Explanation – the writer had explain well about the problem of hairballs in the cat’s fur Process Analysis Paragraph The problem of hairballs that have already formed in cat’s fur can be solved by proper brushing. In order to brush your cat’s hairballs, you’ll need two kinds of brushes: a wide-teeth wipe and a metallic one. The former will help you dissolve and, partially, remove tightly knotted hairballs without causing any pain or discomfort to your cat. The latter, used subsequently, will remove excess of loose puffy hair and decrease the possibility of reoccurrence the next day. Once brushing is over, make sure to polish your cat’s fur all over his body with the help of a clean, cotton, or woolen cloth. © Jam Olazo 33
PERSUASION PARAGRAPH • require exhortatory and dynamic language. • are aimed at persuading the reader into taking a particular action or adopting a certain point of view. © Jam Olazo 34
Example of a Persuasion Paragraph Plan ahead before you go camping in Florida, . Don’t wind up in the wilds when you want to be near Disney World, and don’t wind up on a concrete RV pad when you really want the forest primeval. Find out what parks are available, and what they are like. Get good information on what to expect, and what options are. This can make all the difference in the quality of your vacation. © Jam Olazo 35
WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH 1. Creating an Outline • Write down the main points that you wish to discuss in the paragraph first. Aim for two or three main points. • Underneath each main point, add a piece of supporting evidence from a journal, novel, poem, etc. • After the evidence, offer a brief explanation. © Jam Olazo 36
WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH 1. Creating an Outline 2. Topic Sentence Development How to write? It should discuss an idea only in generic terms without proving too many details. © Jam Olazo 37
WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH 3. Supporting details For example, a piece of support in an essay about drug usage could read, "Drug usage is becoming an increasing problem in the United States. " After that, introduce a statistic showing the rise of drug usage over the last decade. 4. Using quotations and evidence 5. Analyzing quotations and evidence © Jam Olazo 38
WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH 6. Providing strong, relevant information Important facts, textual analysis and all of the information must be relevant. Stay focused! 7. Using concise language Words such as "good, " "nice" and "bad" are extremely vague and should not be used in professional writing. Find clearer words - "respectful, " "giving" and "selfish, " for example, with which to replace these vague words. © Jam Olazo 39
WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH 8. Using colorful and clear words Furthermore, do not use confusing words or words of which you do not know the meaning, because your lack of understanding will translate to the reader. 9. Crafting a strong conclusion statement At the end of one paragraph, suggest that there is another idea that piggybacks on top of the one that you have discussed, or state that there are some disagreeing ideas in the field. © Jam Olazo 40
WAYS IN DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH 10. Utilizing appropriate transition words Ex: Order (first, second, last), Spatial Relationships (above, below), Logic (furthermore, in addition, in fact), etc. 11. Following proper grammar rules Ensure that your paper is free of grammar errors. © Jam Olazo 41