Visible Ops: Building Effective & Auditable ITIL Change Management Processes in 4 Steps: Phase One Gene Kim, CTO, Tripwire, Inc. October 27, 2004
The Challenges v How do I simultaneously contain costs, improve security and service levels, and address regulatory compliance? v What is my first step in building an ITIL change management process? How will I know that it’s working? – What order should I tackle the ITIL process areas? v How do I attest to auditors that I have effective change management processes? – Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404 – HIPAA, GLBA, CFR 11 a, etc. – How do COBIT and ITIL fit together? v How do I create a good working relationship with my auditors? – What do auditors doing controls-based auditors look for? – What happens if they cannot find effective controls?
Agenda v Examine the high-performing IT operations and security organizations – What they all have in common – What we can learn from them v Define the ideal working relationship between IT and audit – Why auditors talk the way they do – What auditors need to see v Building auditable and effective change management processes in four steps: – Stabilize Patient – Catch & Release and Find Fragile Artifacts – Establish Repeatable Build Library – Enable Continuous Improvement
The Highest Performing IT Organizations… High performance Ops and Security organizations have: • Highest ratio of staff deployed on pre-production processes • Lowest amount of unplanned work • Highest change success rate • Best posture of compliance and security
Common Process Areas Of High Performers v All the high-performers had self-derived the same way of working – Culture of change management – Culture of causality – Culture of compliance and desire to continually reduce variance
Common Traits Of The Highest Performers v Culture of change management – Integration of IT operations and security processes via problem management and change management processes – Processes that serve both organizational needs, as well as business objectives – Highest rate of effective change (approved changes, change success rate) v Culture of causality – Highest service levels (MTTR, MTBF) – Highest first fix rate (unneeded rework) v Culture of compliance and continual reduction of operational variance – – Production configurations Highest level of pre-production staffing Effective pre-production controls Effective pairing of preventive and detective controls
Causal Factors of IT Downtime Operator Error System Outages 60% 20% Security Related Non. Security Related Application Failure 20% Source: IDC, 2004 5% 15%
Capability Levels Organization controls the changes: Changes control the organization: 3 - Closed-Loop Process • 15 -35% of time spent on unplanned work • Some ticketing / • 35 -50% of time workflow system in spent on unplanned place work • Changes documented • Some technology and approved deployed • Change success rate • You have the right is high vision but no • Service levels are accountability pretty good • Server-to-admin ratio is way too low is good, but not Bo. B • IT costs are too high • IT costs are improving • Process subverted by but still too high talking to the “right” • Security incidents people down Closed-Loop Using The Honor System Change Mgt Effectiveness 2 - Using Honor System 1 - Reactive • Over 50% of time spent on unplanned work • Chaotic environment; lots of fire fighting • MTTR is very long; poor service levels • Can only scale by throwing people at the problem Reactive Based on the IT Process Institute’s “Visible Ops” Framework 4 - Continuously Improving • <5% of time spent on unplanned work • Change success rate is very high • Service levels are world class • IT operating costs are under control • Can scale IT capacity rapidly with marginal increases in IT costs • Change review and learning processes are in place • Able to increase capacity in a costeffective way Continuously Improving
Why Auditors Do The Things They Do v Given enough time and resources, auditors would love to count all the beans – Go into the warehouses, open up all the containers, and inspect all the contents – Rarely does this actually happen, for obvious reasons v Instead, auditors go to the “bean counting machine” to see whether the results are trustworthy – What controls ensure that it hasn’t been subverted? – What controls ensure that the results are correct? v For a variety or reasons, auditors are shifting from substantive audits to control audits
IT Controls 101 v Preventative Controls – Separation of duties – Change management and authorization processes v Detective Controls – Production controls around change management and configuration management v Corrective Controls – Restoration and backup systems
Ideal Attestation of Controls v High performing shops typically have the highest service levels and the lowest cost of controls – Best service levels (MTTR, MTBF), lowest amount of unplanned, unscheduled work, highest server/sysadmin – Best working relationship with audit. – Least amount of time dedicated to compliance activities v Why? – They can point to their change management and governance process (preventative controls) – They can show that the processes are working (detective controls) v How? – Change management meeting minutes – Three-ring binder of change orders and verified changes
COBIT and Change Management
COBIT AI 6: Managing Changes Control Objective Tripwire’s Role 6. 5 Documentation and Procedures Tripwire is used to validate that all changes are tracked, synchronized with documentation (run books, etc. ), and applied consistently across the appropriate systems. The change process should ensure that whenever system changes are implemented, the associated documentation and procedures are updated accordingly. 6. 6 Authorised Maintenance IT management should ensure maintenance personnel have specific assignments and that their work is properly monitored. In addition, their system access rights should be controlled to avoid risks of unauthorised access to automated systems. 6. 7 Software Release Policy IT management should ensure that the release of software is governed by formal procedures ensuring sign-off, packaging, regression testing, handover, etc. 6. 8 Distribution of Software Specific internal control measures should be established to ensure distribution of the correct software element to the right place, with integrity, and in a timely manner with adequate audit trails. By reporting what changed on each system, when it occurred, and who made the change, Tripwire is used to ensure that all changes made are authorized, and made by authorized personnel. “Out of scope” changes, inconsistently applied changes, changes that occur outside the maintenance window, and other inappropriate changes are therefore discovered before they impact system availability. Tripwire enables IT management to validate that formal sign-off processes are adhered to. Tripwire is also commonly used to ensure that packages are not altered during handoffs (through pre- and post- handoff comparison of released packages). Tripwire can compare changes that occur on production systems back to a reference baseline to ensure that software distribution happens consistently across target systems, within the prescribed time. All changes are recorded for historical and audit-related reporting and analysis.
COBIT DS 9: Managing The Configuration Control Objective Tripwire’s Role 9. 2 Configuration Baseline Configuration baselines are a core competency of Tripwire software. Tripwire maintains a history of current and previously authorized baselines to determine whether the current (as-is) device and system configuration matches the authorized (as-specified) state, according to the configurations you’ve authorized for use in your environment. Tripwire can also enable rollback to an authorized state either by performing the rollback directly or providing a manifest to drive thirdparty restoration / provisioning systems. IT management should be ensured that a baseline of configuration items is kept as a checkpoint to return to after changes. 9. 4 Configuration Control Procedures should ensure that the existence and consistency of recording of the IT configuration is periodically checked. 9. 5 Unauthorised Software Clear policies restricting the use of personal and unlicensed software should be developed and enforced. The organisation should use virus detection and remedy software. Business and IT management should periodically check the organisation’s personal computers for unauthorized software. Compliance with the requirements of software and hardware license agreements should be reviewed on a periodic basis. Tripwire integrity checks provide the means to assess the existence, consistency, and conformance of device and system configurations. These checks can be performed on an automatic, ongoing basis, as well as initiated on-demand by administrators. Tripwire is frequently used by customers to identify unauthorized or “rogue” applications within the production environment. This aids in enforcing configuration standards, as well as assisting in identification. Isolation, and recovery from “day zero” attacks from viruses or worms
The Tragic Truth About Auditors v Auditors gravitate to where controls appear weakest v To attract the attention of auditors, have unexplained outages and lots of unexplained changes – “The top leading indicators of risk when we look at an IT operation are: poor service levels and unusual velocity of changes. ” Bill Philhower
Visible Ops: Four Steps To Build An Effective Change Management Process v v v Each of the four Visible Ops steps is: – A finite project: not a ISO 9001 initiative or a vague 5 -year vision – Catalytic: returns more resources to the organization than it consumes, fueling the next steps – Sustaining: process stays in place, even when the initial force behind it disappears – Auditable: supports factual reporting and attestation to process adherence and consistency – Ordered: must be done in the specified order to achieve the above Model based on five years studying highperforming IT Ops and Security organizations Visible Ops has been donated to the ITPI
Visible Ops: Four Steps To Build An Effective Change Management Process Phase 2: Catch and Release, Find Fragile Artifacts Phase 3: Establish Repeatable Build Library Tripwire captures known good state in preproduction. Tripwire captures production changes that need to be baked into the build. Phase 4: Continually improve Tripwire detects change, which all process areas hinge upon. Tripwire protects fragile artifacts. Phase 1: Electrify Fence, Modify First Response Tripwire enforces the change process. Tripwire rules out change as early as possible in the repair cycle. Tripwire enforces change freeze and prevents configuration drift.
Phase 1: Stabilize Patient, Modify First Response Tripwire and IP Services
Issues v We have a tendency to “light and fight” our own fires • 80% of outages are self-inflicted • 80% of MTTR is dominated by asking “what changed? ” v With sufficiently low change success rate, high rate of change, and high MTTR, we are spending all our time doing unplanned, unscheduled work • Best in class: 5% of Op. Ex is spent on unplanned work • Average: estimated around 25 -45% v Changes are made without authorization, proactive scheduling, or full documentation "The most likely way the world will be destroyed, most experts agree, is by accident. That's where we come in; we're computer professionals. We cause accidents. " Nathaniel Borenstein
Stabilize Patient v Curb the major cause of outages: 80% of outages are selfinflicted v Identify critical patients, clear everyone away from them unless they are authorized to operate v Document this new change policy: no changes unless authorized (preventative) v At this point, anyone even holding a scalpel should be viewed with suspicion
Electrify The Fence v We have now prescribed our first preventative change process and policy – Why do most change management initiatives fail? – What is the top audit finding around change controls? v Now we must “manage by fact” instead of “manage by belief” by electrifying the fences – No one is allowed to be inside the change fence except on the weekends – Why did Joe Bob touch the fence on Monday at 2: 11 am? v Document what should happen to Joe Bob: – Public shaming, take a day off, or more… “What is often overlooked is that if one person can single-handedly save the ship, that one person can probably single-handedly sink the ship, too. ” -- Unknown
Create Change Team v Get all necessary stakeholders who can best make decisions about changes, encompassing business goals, operational risks, technical risks, etc. v Key stakeholders for us Security Lead, Ops Systems Engineering Lead, VP of Operations, Service Desk Manager, Director of Network Operations, and Internal Audit v Create weekly change management meetings mandatory for all CAB members.
Hold Weekly Change Management Meetings v v v Create a path from desired change, to requested change, authorized change, scheduled change, implemented change, verified change. Review implemented changes and ensure that all actual changes mapped to authorized work Enable highest change throughput for the organization, best serve business needs, with the least amount of bureaucracy possible – Weekly 15 min change management meetings are possible, with practice – Keep good records of requested changes, authorized changes, and scheduled changes
Change Management Guidelines v Don’t: – Don’t authorize changes that do not have rollback plans that everybody reviews – Don’t allow “rubber stamping” approval of changes – Don’t let any system changes off the hook – someone made it, so understand what caused it v Do: – Do post-implementation reviews to determine whether the change succeeded or not – Do track the change success rate – Do use the change success rate to avoid making historically risky changes “It’s not the strongest species that survive, nor the most intelligent… but the one most responsive to change. ” – Charles Darwin
Spectrum: Managing Change v Don’t expect to be doing “closed loop” change management right out of the chute – awareness is better than being oblivious, managed is better than unmanaged! v Spectrum – Oblivious to change: "Hey, did the switch just reboot? " – Aware of change: "Hey, who just rebooted the switch? " – Announcing change: "Hey, I'm rebooting the switch. Let me know if that will cause a problem. " – Authorizing change: "Hey, I need to reboot the switch. Who needs to authorize this? " – Scheduling change: "When is the next maintenance window - I'd like to reboot the switch then? " – Verifying change: "Looking at the fault manager logs, I can see that the switch rebooted as scheduled. " This is what SO-404 requires! (Preventative and detective controls)
Create Trusted Authorized Work Queue and Change Calendar v Create a work ticketing system that contains all the authorized work that went through the change management process v Create a change calendar (Forward Schedule Of Change) that the change manager uses to coordinate resources, manage risks, etc.
Modify First Response (1/2) v The key to a catalytic change management process is that it must return value back to the organization v Decrease MTTR, dominated by 80% where people ask “what changed? ” by integrating change management process into problem management v Whenever problem managers are mobilized, have all authorized changes and actual changes in the work ticket The Microsoft MOF study showed that their best in class customers rebooted their servers 20 x less often, and also had 5 x fewer “blue screens of death. ”
Modify First Response (2/2) v Eliminate change as early as possible by identifying the assets directly involved in the ticket and auditing them against their configuration baseline for the last 72 hours. All changes found are attached to the ticket. v If no changes are found the circle is widened to include changes made to infrastructure supporting the target systems. “Grant me the Serenity to accept the things I can not change, Courage to change things I can, and Wisdom to know the difference. ” – Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr (excerpt from the Serenity Prayer)
Phase 1: What You Have Built v Documented correct path from desired change to authorized change, scheduled change, implemented change, and verified change v Created documentation that the process is working v Returning value back to IT Ops by reducing MTTR, increasing change success rate and effective change throughput
What To Show The SO-404 Teams v Change governance and management processes v Meeting minutes of the change management meetings v Authorization processes v “Three ring binder” of stapled items: – Authorized work order – Change report on infrastructure showing correct changes made – Signature of change manager verifying correct implementation of change
What To Show The Auditors v List of all outages and unscheduled downtime v Change management metrics – Change rate (per week) – Change success rate – MTTR, MTBF v This would make most auditors breathe a sign of relief
Visible Ops: Four Steps To Build An Effective Change Management Process Phase 2: Catch and Release, Find Fragile Artifacts Phase 3: Establish Repeatable Build Library Tripwire captures known good state in preproduction. Tripwire captures production changes that need to baked into the build. Phase 4: Continually improve Tripwire detects change, which all process areas hinge upon. Tripwire protects fragile artifacts. Phase 1: Electrify Fence, Modify First Response Tripwire enforces the change process. Tripwire rules out change as early as possible in the repair cycle. Tripwire enforces change freeze and prevents configuration drift.
Phase 4 Which Metric Do You Want To Improve? v Release v Controls – # of changes authorized per week – # of actual changes made per week – Change success rate – # of emergency changes – # of service-affecting outages – # of “special” changes – # of “business as usual” changes – Change management overhead – Configuration variance – Time to provision known good build – # turns to a known good build – Shelf life of build – % of systems that match known good build – % of builds that have security sign -off – # of fast-tracked builds – Ratio of release engineers to sysadmins v Resolution – MTTR, MTBF – % of time spent on unplanned work
Why Is Unplanned Work Such A Good Indicator? # of production changes High performer Average X failed change % or unauth changes X mean time to repair = % of time spent on unplanned work > 1000 chg/wk < 1% minutes < 5% of Op. Ex unknown, hundreds ~30 -50% (avg) hours, days 35 -45% of Op. Ex Average: 35 -45% of Op. Ex spent on unplanned work! Impact: late projects, rework, compliance issues, uncontrolled variance, etc…
What Affects These Variables? # of production changes X failed change % or unauth changes X mean time to repair = % of time spent on unplanned work Behaviors that increase change success rate: Behaviors that decrease MTTR: • Effective change testing • Effective risk review when approving changes • Effective identification of change stakeholders • Effective change scheduling Behaviors that reduce unauthorized changes: • Culture of change management • Management ownership of change process • Effective monitoring of infrastructure with detective controls to enforce change process • Management use of corrective action when change processes are not followed • Culture of causality: desire to rule out change first in problem repair cycle • Effective change management process that can report on authorized and scheduled changes • Ability to distinguish planned and unplanned outage events • Effective communications around scheduled changes • Effective monitoring of infrastructure for production changes
What Do These Transformations Look Like? v Examples – Joe Judge at Adero – Ken Larson at Schlumberger-SEMA – Kevin Behr at IP Services v Financial returns of process transformations – Increased availability and decreased MTTR – Reduction of unplanned work from 50% to 5% of Op. Ex – Increased delivered capacity by 2 x with 10% increase in Op. Ex – Increased delivery of planned projects that deliver higher value to the business – Fulfilled compliance and reduced cost of compliance
Why Do Auditors Love Continuous Improvement? v Controls are owned by the business to meet business objectives! Instead of there only to make auditors happy! v Auditors hate dragging organizations to implement controls, especially if creates grudging and literal interpretations of findings v Continuous improvement requires process and controls, to detect and reduce variance
ITIL and COBIT v ITIL defines the set of all IT operational processes v COBIT defines all the controls that can be wrapped around them v ITIL and COBIT are complementary and orthogonal: – Six Sigma defines how to build processes and their corresponding controls to continually monitor and reduce variance – ITIL defines the change management processes – COBIT defines the controls to ensure that the ITIL processes are auditable and effective
Caught in the Crossfire of Change v Rate of change is increasing with no signs of slowing Business objectives Sarb. Ox, GLBA, CISP, etc. Distributed systems Heterogeneous environments Quality improvement Risk mitigation Service levels Staffing & Budgets
Getting Control of Change v Control frameworks prescribe internal controls to enhance operational performance, security, and regulatory compliance – COBIT, ITIL, ISO 17799, SAS 70 Preventive • Firewalls, AV, IDS • Vulnerability analysis • Identity management • Change ticketing • Help desk ticketing Process Controls Corrective • Backup/Restore • Provisioning Detective • Automated change monitoring • Integration with other tools & controls • Change documentation Detective & reporting Detective • Manual inspection • Scripts Change Management Process Controls • Manual inspection • Scripts Corrective • Patch management • Provisioning Security
Tripwire Change Auditing Solutions 1. Actual changes are detected on production systems and reconciled with approved and intended changes Enterprise Management Systems Change Management Incident Management Release Management Approved Mgmt Reports Intended Unexpected Reconciled Audit Reports Verified CMDB Actual Infrastructure Systems (Servers, Network Devices, etc. ) 2. Change auditing results then flow back to change tickets, trouble tickets, audit and mgmt reports, plus configuration mgmt databases (CMDB)
Can You Answer These Questions? v Pick any piece of your infrastructure (router, server, firewall, etc. ) – If a change is made to this device, how will you know? – How soon will you know? – How will you know if the change is good or bad? • How long will that process take? • What happens when the change is good? • What happens when the change is bad? – How do you verify that each change has been reconciled? – How do you report on all of the above? – Can you provide a historical report accounting for all changes in your environment? v v This is what auditors want to know about how changes are managed in your IT infrastructure With Tripwire, you can answer all of these questions
Improving Service Quality And Availability Customer: IT Services operations of a Major Energy Services company Problem: Change management in place, but lacked enforcement v Saw changes occurring, but didn’t have the means to validate Tripwire solution: v Tripwire detects change and puts “teeth” in the process v v v Tracking What, When, Who, How and Why a change was made Tripwire provides “black and white documentation” to enforce process Increased staff efficiency, uptime, and service quality v “We used to spend 45% to 50% of our time on unplanned work. Now it’s around 5%. ” v “In spite of force reductions, customers describe our services as ‘phenomenally better’ now. ”
Get Involved! v Join ICOPL (ITPI Community Of Practice List-Serv) – http: //www. itpi. org/home/icopl. php v There is now a Visible Ops Pocket Guide! – http: //www. itpi. org/home/visibleops. php v We are looking for volunteers to help with our research projects. v IMCA is now online at the ITPI – http: //www. itpi. org/home/imca. php v If you have a high performing organization, we want to study you!
Summary v Control is possible. We merely need to look at the high-performing IT organizations to confirm this. v Transformation is possible. Visible Ops is the result of years of studying high-performing IT operations and security organizations in conjunction with the ITPI v Visible Ops illustrates how interested organizations might replicate the processes of these high-performing organizations in just four, achievable steps v Gene Kim: genek@tripwire. com
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