TUDORS 1485 -1603 King Henry VII Reigned

TUDORS 1485 -1603

King Henry VII Reigned 1485 -1509 - the founder of the royal house of Tudor One of the main concerns of Henry VII during his reign was the re-accumulation of the funds in the royal treasury. Henry VII was a great king. He certainly was a successful one if only because he restored the nation's finances, strengthened the judicial system and successfully denied all other claimants to the throne, thus further securing it for his heir.

King Henry VIII Reigned 1509 -1547 His private life, especially his six marriages, greatly influenced English political history.

King Edward VI Reigned 1547 -1553 The young King's kingdom was usually in turmoil between nobles who were trying to strengthen their own position in the kingdom by using the Regency in their favour. Lady Jane Grey Proclaimed queen in 1553 Deposed after nine days. Executed in 1554.

Queen Mary I Reigned 1553 -1558 ‘Bloody Mary’ - tried to return England to the Roman Catholic Church In her determination to restore England to the Catholic faith and to secure her throne from Protestant threats, she had many Protestants burnt at the stake between 1555 and 1558. Because of her actions against the Protestants, Mary is to this day referred to as "Bloody Mary".

Queen Elizabeth I Reigned 15581603 - is one of the best loved monarchs in history. The Elizabethan Era marked one of the most productive periods in English literary history, and was also marked with many voyages of discovery. During her reign, England went from an impoverished country torn apart by religious squabbles to one of the most powerful and prosperous countries in the world.

The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15 th and early 16 th centuries to the early 17 th century. The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken to be 1485, when the Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow in penetrating England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16 th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance.

Literature • England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common by the mid 16 th century. By the time of Elizabethan literature a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry established authors such as Thomas Wyatt, Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare initiating the storied history of English Renaissance theatre.

Writers

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616)was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist.

Visual arts • England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles. The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art, and all but ended the skill of painting in England; English art was to be dominated by portraiture, and then later landscape art, for centuries to come. The significant English invention was the portrait miniature, which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets • Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure.

Music - English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art, and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully, though William Byrd and other major figures were Catholic. The Elizabethan madrigal was distinct from, but related to the Italian tradition. Thomas Tallis, Thomas Morley, and John Dowland were other leading English composers. - The colossal polychoral productions of the Venetian School had been anticipated in the works of Thomas Tallis, and the Palestrina style from the Roman School had already been absorbed prior to the publication of Musical transalpina, in the music of masters such as William Byrd.

Architecture • Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII, notably Hampton Court Palace, the vanished Nonsuch Palace, Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower, it was not until the Elizabethan architecture of the end of the century that a true Renaissance style emerged, influenced far more by northern Europe than Italy. The most famous buildings are large show houses constructed for courtiers, and characterised by lavish use of glass, as at "Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall", Wollaton Hall and Hatfield House and Burghley House.

The English Civil War 1642 -1651 • The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first (1642– 46) and second (1648– 49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while third war (1649– 51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

• • • Background 1. King Charles I of England married a French princess, who was a Catholic. Some of the British people at the time did not like this. Charles I upset the people even more by trying to make the country more Catholic. 2. When the members of Parliament refused to do what Charles wanted, he broke up the Parliament and tried to rule without them. 3. Charles tried to raise extra taxes without asking Parliament. 4. Charles sent his friend, the Earl of Strafford, to rule Ireland. When Strafford was accused of cruelty, Charles tried to protect him from being punished. 5. The Parliament refused to give Charles money to attack the rebels in Ireland. Charles I

The First English Civil War 1642– 1646 22 Aug 1642 - Charles raised his standard at Nottingham formally declaring war. - 23 rd October 1642 - Edgehill - 30 th June 1643 - Adwalton Moor - 13 th July 1643 - Roundaway Down - 20 th September 1643 -First Battle of Newbury - 2 nd July 1644 - Marston Moor - 27 th October 1644 - Second Battle of Newbury - 14 th June 1645 - The Battle of Naseby 24 th June 1646 - Oxford, Charles I's capital surrendered to Parliament

Oliver Cromwell • During the war, a new leader had been found by Parliament, a man called Oliver Cromwell, who was very good at leading an army and also had ideas about how to rule the country. • When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and betterprepared than the army of Parliament. Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better. Soon the "New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war.

The Second English Civil War 1648– 1649 • November 1647 - Charles I escaped imprisonment and fled to Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight. • 17 th August 1648 – The Battle of Preston (Royalist defeat) • 6 th December 1648 – Pride’s Purge. • December 1648 - Charles was recaptured and sent to Windsor Castle • 20 th January 1649 - Start of the Trial of Charles 1 st • 27 th January 1649 – Charles is sentenced to death. • 30 th January 1649 – Execution of Charles 1 st.

The Third English Civil War 1649– 1651 • 5 th February 1649 - Charles II declared King by the Scots • 17 th March 1649 – Abolition of the monarchy by the English Parliamentarians. • 19 th May 1649 - England is declared to be a Commonwealth. • 11 th September 1649 - Battle of Drogheda • 11 th October 1649 – Battle of Wexford. • 27 th April 1650 – The Battle Of Carbisdale – Defeat of Royalists, who go on the run. • 3 rd September 1650 - Battle Of Dunbar - New Model Army victory. • 1 st January 1651 – Charles II Crowned at Scone in Scotland. • 3 rd September – The Battle Of Worcester(Royalist totally defeat) • 19 th October – Charles II escapes to France from Shoreham, Sussex.

Aftermath • The English Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with, first, the Commonwealth of England (1649– 53), and then with a Protectorate (1653– 59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. • The civil wars effectively set England Scotland on course to adopt a parliamentary monarchy form of government.

The Glorious Revolution 1688 -1689 - also called Revolution of 1688, or Bloodless Revolution - the events of 1688– 89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange and stadholder of the Netherlands. The people of England did not like King James II because he would not let them vote or worship God in the way they wanted to. They invited William III of Orange-Nassau to take over as king. James II

1688 June 1688 The "Seven Bishops" prosecuted by James II for refusing to announce the Declaration of Indulgence in their churches were acquitted. The "Immortal Seven" sent their invitation to William of Orange to invade England after the birth of James II's son. Nov. -Dec. 1688 The "Glorious Revolution" - William of Orange invaded England James II fled to France. A Convention was summoned to decide the political settlement. William III

1689 The Convention Parliament voted that James II had 'abdicated' and that William and Mary should be offered the Crown. The Commons read the Declaration of Rights to William and Mary, which they later enacted as statute, the Bill of Rights. Parliament declared war on France (the Nine Years' War). Queen Mary II

Aftermath • The Glorious Revolution of 1688 is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament and the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out once and for all any possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards absolute monarchy in the British kingdoms by circumscribing the monarch's powers. Seven Bishops

The End