Tuberculosis case detecting Lecturer Grib Helen Main

Tuberculosis case detecting Lecturer Grib Helen

Main ways of the new cases revealing Passive Obligate diagnostical minimum (clinical, radiological examination, direct smear microscopy) Active Screening X-ray examination for adults Screening Mantoux test for children

Ziehl — Nielsen staining

ZN-staining Advantages Disadvantages Cheapness Simplicity Quickness Low sensitivity Lack of viability and drug sensitivity evaluation Inability to detect mycobacteria types

Cultural test Lewenstein-Yensen Middlebrook set BACTEC set

Culture

Cultural methods Advantages Disadvantages High sensitivity Drug resistance evaluation Possibility of typing Taking time Expensiveness Hazard to the personnel

Xpert MTB/RIF Test The new rapid TB test known as Xpert MTB/RIF is a fully automated diagnostic molecular test. It has the potential to revolutionize and transform TB care and control. The test: • simultaneously detects TB and rifampicin drug resistance • provides accurate results in less than two hours so that patients can be offered proper treatment on the same day • has minimal bio-safety requirements, training, and can be housed in non-conventional laboratories

WHY IS MDR-TB & TB/HIV DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE? The most widely used method to detect TB is the 125 year-old sputum smear microscopy test, which has a number of drawbacks, including low sensitivity (especially in HIV-positive individuals and children) and inability to determine drug-resistance.

WHY IS MDR-TB & TB/HIV DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE? Conventional diagnosis of drug-resistant TB relies on bacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing, a slow and cumbersome process. During this time patients may be inappropriately treated, drug-resistant strains may continue to spread, and resistance may become amplified.

WHY IS MDR-TB & TB/HIV DIFFICULT TO DIAGNOSE? In contrast, the new Xpert MTB/RIF test is rapid, fully-automated and therefore not as susceptible to human error. It provides a highly accurate diagnosis in a single test that identifies both the presence of TB and rifampicin-resistant TB. This means people can be offered the proper treatment immediately

Mantoux skin test with 5 TU (Seibert) interpretation Induration 5 mm Children in close contact with known or suspected contagious cases of tuberculosis disease Children suspected to have tuberculosis disease because of f indings on chest radiograph consistent with active or previously active tuberculosis Clinical evidence of tuberculosis disease Children receiving immunosuppressive therapy or with immunosuppressive conditions, including HIV infection Induration 10 mm Children at increased risk of disseminated disease: Those younger than 4 years of age Those with other medical conditions, including Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, or malnutrition From American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Red book: 2003 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 25 th edition. Elk Grove (IL): Pickering LK; 2003.

Mantoux skin test with 5 TU (Seibert) interpretation ( continuation ) Children with increased exposure to tuberculosis disease: Those born, or whose parents were born, in high-prevalence regions of the world Those frequently exposed to adults who are HIV-infected, homeless, users of illicit drugs, residents of nursing homes, incarcerated or institutionalized, or migrant farm workers Those who travel to high-prevalence regions of the world Induration 15 mm Children 4 years of age or older without any risk factors From American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Red book: 2003 report of the committee on infectious diseases. 25 th edition. Elk Grove (IL): Pickering LK;

Mantoux skin test procedure

Result appreciation

Result appreciation

Hyperergic tuberculin reaction

PCR-test 1. Probe processing (DNA purification) 2. DNA melting 3. Primers hybridization 4. Complement DNA chains building

Radiological examination: purposes Case detecting Differential diagnosis Treatment control

Radiological examination: main approaches Screening (fluoroscopy, roentgenoscopy) Additional examination – tomography Movement observing — radioscopy

Routine clinical examination Complaints: General: Fatigue, malaise, weakness, sweating, fever Local: Cough with mucous sputum, hemophtysis Chest pain Dyspnoe

Routine clinical examination Anamnesis: Diseases onset: Sudden Insidious Wavy

Respiratory tract examination Percussion: dull sound, tympanic sound Auscultation: weakened breathing, dry or moisture rales

Routine clinical examination Anamnesis: Social and professional history At risk: Low income Profession: industry workers, miners, health care workers Family history: TB contact Personal history: diseases, substances abusing

Routine blood test Normal Tuberculosis Hb Leukocytes eosinophil band neutrophil segm. Neutrophil lymphocyte monocyte ESR 120 -160 g/l 4, 0 — 9, 0 0, 5 — 5% 1 — 6% 47 — 72% 19 — 37% 3 — 11% 2 — 15 mm/hour ↓ ↑ (up to 15) ↑ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ (up to 30 mm/hour)