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THE ENGLISH NOUN Lecture 5 THE ENGLISH NOUN Lecture 5

LECTURE OUTLINE The notion of ‘grammatical category’. Nouns and their categorial meaning. The derivational LECTURE OUTLINE The notion of ‘grammatical category’. Nouns and their categorial meaning. The derivational suffixes. The morphological structure. The categories of the noun. Noun combinability (distribution). Syntactic functions.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY Words have lexical and grammatical meanings. The grammatical meaning is expressed with GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY Words have lexical and grammatical meanings. The grammatical meaning is expressed with the help of specific linguistic markers/formants/means (suffixes, inflections, vowel interchange, etc. ). The unity of the grammatical meaning and form (forms) is usually discussed in linguistics in terms of grammatical category.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY Грамматическая категория – объединение двух или более грамматических форм, противопоставленных или соотнесенных GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY Грамматическая категория – объединение двух или более грамматических форм, противопоставленных или соотнесенных по грамматическому значению. Грамматическое значение закреплено за определенным набором форм. Нет формальных показателей – нет грамматической категории. Грамматическая категория включает не менее двух противопоставленных форм, но возможно и большее их количество.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY черта языка, которая представлена системой регулярных оппозиций стандартных грамматических форм слов с GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY черта языка, которая представлена системой регулярных оппозиций стандартных грамматических форм слов с однородным абстрактным значением; единство граматического значения устойчивых форм его выражения. и

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY The grammatical category is a unity of form and meaning; it is GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY The grammatical category is a unity of form and meaning; it is a system of expressing a generalised grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms. The ordered set of grammatical forms expressing a categorial function constitutes a paradigm. The paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms in a category are seen in terms of the socalled "grammatical oppositions".

THE GRAMMATICAL OPPOSITION borrowed from phonology; different kinds of oppositions; most popular in morphology THE GRAMMATICAL OPPOSITION borrowed from phonology; different kinds of oppositions; most popular in morphology is the binary privative opposition, based on a morphological differential feature which is present in its strong (marked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member (dog vs. dogs); it is typical to speak of the unmarked members in ‘non’-terms (walk vs. walked, Past vs. Non-Past).

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY Any grammatical category must be represented by at least two grammatical forms. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY Any grammatical category must be represented by at least two grammatical forms. A grammatical category is definable only on the basis of oppositions. Means of realization of grammatical categories may be synthetic (near – nearer) and analytical (beautiful – more beautiful).

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT IN THE STUDY OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES Objective categories are objective entities LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT IN THE STUDY OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES Objective categories are objective entities of general character which are associated with substance and its being, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of substances and with the relations b/w substantial elements themselves (quantity, time, manner of action, etc. ). Conceptual categories are the reflections of the objective categories in our minds (quantitativeness, temporality, aspectuality). Grammatical categories represent the conceptual categories.

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT CORRELATION Objective TIME has its conceptual reflection – the category of LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT CORRELATION Objective TIME has its conceptual reflection – the category of TEMPORALITY – which is grammatically expressed by the category of tense. The grammatical category of number correlates with the conceptual category of QUANTITATIVENESS. The latter is the conceptual reflection of QUANTITY.

TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES based on these tripartite relation (objective, conceptual, lingual – grammatical TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES based on these tripartite relation (objective, conceptual, lingual – grammatical – categories): • referential (have an objective referent): Tense, Aspect, Number; • relational (the objective referent is the objective relations): Case, Voice; • classificational (signal the performance of different operations in the process of mental activity): Gender.

THE PART OFSPEECH IS DESCRIBED 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Its lexico-grammatical meaning (meaning); THE PART OFSPEECH IS DESCRIBED 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Its lexico-grammatical meaning (meaning); Its lexico-grammatical morphemes (form): derivational suffixes, the peculiarities of the morphological structure; Its grammatical categories or its paradigms (form); Its combinability (function); Its function in a sentence (function).

THE ENGLISH NOUN LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANING A notional part of speech, possesses the meaning of THE ENGLISH NOUN LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL MEANING A notional part of speech, possesses the meaning of ‘thingness’ or ‘substance’.

THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS According to the type of nomination: proper and common. A THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS According to the type of nomination: proper and common. A proper noun is the name of a particular member of a class or of a set of particular members (Smith, the Smiths). A common noun is the name common to the class as a whole (friend, dog, man). Reclassification: There is an Alice on the phone!

THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS According to the form of existence: animate and inanimate (a THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS According to the form of existence: animate and inanimate (a man vs. a table). On the basis of personal quality: human (person) and non-human (non-person) (a man vs. a bird). Concrete vs. abstract division.

THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS On the basis of the quantitative structure: countable and uncountable, THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS On the basis of the quantitative structure: countable and uncountable, discrete and indiscrete. A countable noun denotes an individual countable essence; discrete (separate) objects, entities, phenomena, sensations: bench, girl, storm, breakfast, illness, joy, etc. An uncountable noun denotes substances, concepts, undifferentiated mass or continuum. They are the names for materials, abstract notions, which are not divided into separate (discrete) units: air, oxygen, sugar, greatness, anger.

THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS On the basis of the quantitative structure uncountable nouns are THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS On the basis of the quantitative structure uncountable nouns are further subdivided into singularia tantum (absolute or only singular) and pluralia tantum (absolute or only plural) nouns.

THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS The absolute singular: the names of abstract notions, names of THE SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS The absolute singular: the names of abstract notions, names of professional activity, massmaterials, names of collective inanimate objects (peace, linguistics, water, furniture). BUT: waters (-s is not the marker of plurality, reclassification). The absolute plural: the names of objects consisting of two halves, nouns expressing collective meaning, some names of diseases (scissors, outskirts, police, cattle, mumps, measles, etc. )

SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS On the basis of the quantitative structure: collective or group nouns: SUBCLASSES OF NOUNS On the basis of the quantitative structure: collective or group nouns: crowd, army, the gentry. ! The group works well vs. The group were assigned different tasks.

THE ENGLISH NOUN Derivational (word-building) means: the suffixes are numerous, except for purely semantic THE ENGLISH NOUN Derivational (word-building) means: the suffixes are numerous, except for purely semantic functions help to classify a certain word as a noun; Most common (in terms of frequency): -er, -ist, ess, -ee, -ness, -ion, -ity, -ism, -ance, -ment. Morphological properties: o Simple (step), derived (thingness), compound (armchair), composite (not very typical, e. g. looker-on, the Urals).

THE ENGLISH NOUN: PARADIGMATIC FORMS AND GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES § § § Number, Case, Gender: THE ENGLISH NOUN: PARADIGMATIC FORMS AND GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES § § § Number, Case, Gender: opinions differ. The category of number (agreed upon by all scientists) Realized through the opposition of singular (unmarked) and plural forms (marked); the meanings of ‘oneness’ or ‘more-than-oneness’; applicable to the class of countables only.

THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER The most typical marker of plurality is –s, which is THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER The most typical marker of plurality is –s, which is realized in speech as a set of allomorphs /z/, /s/, /iz/; productive in Modern English. Non-productive ways: 1) internal vowel interchange (foot-feet); 2) the use of archaic inflection –en (children, oxen); 3) Latin and Greek suffixes (phenomenon – phenomena, criterion – criteria); 4) the absence of any plural marker – homonymous forms (sheep, deer, swine).

THE CATEGORY OF CASE Two cases: a) common (unmarked) vs. possessive (marked); b) common THE CATEGORY OF CASE Two cases: a) common (unmarked) vs. possessive (marked); b) common vs. genitive. Compare: my mother’s book, my husband’s sister, Shakespeare’s work. The case is the MORPHOLOGICAL category.

THE CATEGORY OF CASE No cases at all: 1) ‘s is optional = of-construction. THE CATEGORY OF CASE No cases at all: 1) ‘s is optional = of-construction. OR There’s the Genitive case, but very specific: a) ‘s is loosely connected to the noun: the Queen of England’s hat, a man I met at the party’s son, Tom and Jim’s flat; b) prepositional equivalents; c) limitations in usage (only animate nouns); d) not easy to distinguish in speech (boys vs. boys’ vs. boy’s); e) Not only with nouns: somebody else’s car Conclusions: 1) no category of case, but there’s a narrower category which characterizes the noun; 2) The category of case is lost.

THE CATEGORY OF CASE Three cases: Nominative, Genitive, Objective (due to the existence of THE CATEGORY OF CASE Three cases: Nominative, Genitive, Objective (due to the existence of pronouns me, him, whom). In case grammar (Charles Fillmore) there are 6 cases: Mary is writing a book (agentive). He opened the door with the key. The key opened the door. Mike used the key to open the door (Instrumental).

THE CATEGORY OF CASE CONCLUSION The case category in English is realized through the THE CATEGORY OF CASE CONCLUSION The case category in English is realized through the opposition of the Common case : : the Genitive Case. or Genitive : : non-Genitive

THE CATEGORY OF GENDER Most linguistics believe: NO category of gender in English; should THE CATEGORY OF GENDER Most linguistics believe: NO category of gender in English; should not be confused with the natural properties/ biological sex: husband vs. wife; lexical, but not grammatical difference: actor vs. actress; the correlation with the pronouns (he for man, boy, she for mother, actress, etc) is not relevant.

THE CATEGORY OF ARTICLE DETERMINATION Article is a determining unit of specific nature accompanying THE CATEGORY OF ARTICLE DETERMINATION Article is a determining unit of specific nature accompanying the noun in communicative collocation and defining it in the most general way. Article determination is sometimes seen as a separate morphological category, while the combination of an article and a noun is seen as the analytical formation.

THE COMBINABILITY OF NOUNS Left-connections with article (a day); some pronouns (my friend); most THE COMBINABILITY OF NOUNS Left-connections with article (a day); some pronouns (my friend); most adjectives (good relations); numerals (two visitors); Left- and right-connections with prepositions (to Kyiv, at the thought of) and verbs (John met Peter). Of particular interest: Noun+Noun (stone wall, speech sound): 1) unstable compounds (the first component is a noun stem); 2) noun word combinations with the nouns adjuncts; 3) noun words combination where nouns perform an attributive function.

SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS Most typical: subject and object: The dog wagged its tail. I like SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS Most typical: subject and object: The dog wagged its tail. I like dogs; predicate: She is a singer; Attribute in preposition: the sea breeze. Prepositional connections: He came up to the boy. Modification by an adjective: He was a clever boy.