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THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Part II Lecture # 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Part II Lecture # 4

Content of the lecture: • Thomas Hobbes (England) • John Locke (England) • Charles Content of the lecture: • Thomas Hobbes (England) • John Locke (England) • Charles Louis Montesquieu (France) • Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire (France) • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (France) • Immanuel Kant (Germany) • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (Germany)

Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679) • The most prominent political thinker of modern times • Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679) • The most prominent political thinker of modern times • A strong supporter of the government and the absolute monarchy • He believed that citizens are able to do on your own that is not prohibited by law

Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679) He believed that: • State should act as a rule Thomas Hobbes (1588 -1679) He believed that: • State should act as a rule • State should deal with educational activities • State should develop production (agriculture, shipping, trade) • Government should force people to physical work

John Locke (1632 -1704) • He developed the concept of separation of powers • John Locke (1632 -1704) • He developed the concept of separation of powers • He offered to share power between the legislative, executive and federal • He put forward the position of the duty of all citizens, without exception, to obey (бағыну/подчиняться) the laws of society • He put forward the idea of personal freedom, the right to life and property • This was due to one of the foundations of the ideology of bourgeois liberalism

Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689 -1755) • He added a theory of the separation of Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689 -1755) • He added a theory of the separation of powers: with the legislative, executive and judicial • He combined the concept of freedom with the idea of securing the constitutional mechanism of separation of powers • The idea of freedom, civil rights and separation of powers, based Montesquieu, have been embodied (еңгізу/закреплять) in the constitutions of France, the U. S. and many other countries

Epoch of Enlightenment • Hobbes, Locke and Montesquieu were among the first members of Epoch of Enlightenment • Hobbes, Locke and Montesquieu were among the first members of the ideological and political movement, known as "Enlightenment" • This thinkers have criticized the feudal order and promote the interests of the emerging bourgeois class • They believed in the potential of the human mind and the science in the restructuring of society • They have done a lot to free science from the power of religion and the use of scientific achievements • Enlightenment thinkers made great contributions to the development of both the natural and social sciences

Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire (1694 -1778) • A prominent critic of the feudal Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire (1694 -1778) • A prominent critic of the feudal system • Outstanding representative of the Enlightenment in France • For criticizing the government, he twice was sent to the Bastille • He spent a lot of time abroad • Voltaire's ideas on policy and law played a major role in the future bourgeois revolution in France

Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire (1694 -1778) Voltaire defended the principles of: • Equality Francois Marie Arouet - Voltaire (1694 -1778) Voltaire defended the principles of: • Equality • Freedom • Private property • Voltaire at the same time was refusing to poor people in the equality of political rights • Speaking against absolutism, he was a supporter of the power of the enlightened monarch

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) • The most popular French Enlightenment thinker • He has Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) • The most popular French Enlightenment thinker • He has represented the interests of the petty (ұсақ/мелкий) bourgeoisie and the peasantry • He railed (қарсы шығу/выступать против) against the private property • He criticized the feudal system • He criticized the growing capitalism • He opposed industrial civilization lifestyle free landowners

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) • He offered to negotiate a new social contract that Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) • He offered to negotiate a new social contract that would represent an equal association of free individuals, or a republic • He was a proponent of direct democracy in which all citizens have the opportunity to influence public policy • He insisted on the right of citizens to participate in making laws. • Rousseau's ideas of equality and democracy contributed to the awakening of the revolutionary process in France

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) Prominent followers of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in France were: • the Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1778) Prominent followers of Jean-Jacques Rousseau in France were: • the famous Jacobins - Robespierre, Marat, Danton, Saint-Just for the struggle against the feudal system • Rousseau's ideas were embodied in the Declaration of human rights and the citizens and other acts of the modern French Republic

Immanuel Kant (1724 -1804) • The founder of classical German philosophy • He has Immanuel Kant (1724 -1804) • The founder of classical German philosophy • He has made a huge contribute to world political science • He put forward a theoretical basis for the ancient philosophers - Plato and Cicero - the idea of the rule of law • He emphasized the supremacy of legal laws • He has linked the idea of rule of law (құқықтық елдің мүддесі/идея правового государства) with the moral condition of a civil society

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 -1831) • He considered the civil society as a Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 -1831) • He considered the civil society as a system of political institutions and autonomous organizations working to protect the interests of the individual and groups • He paid great attention to the role of individual and group interests in political life and civil society development • The state, according to Hegel, is a system of general interest, civil society - a system of private interest • The basic principle of relationships in the community, according to Hegel, was individualism