THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Part I Lecture

THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT Part I Lecture # 3

Outline of the lecture: 1. Political thought of the ancient East 2. Political thought in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome 3. Political thought of the middle Ages 4. Political thought of the Renaissance 5. Political thought of the European Enlightenment

Introduction • The ideological origins (түп-тегі/ происхождение) of modern political doctrines were political views and concepts of past thinkers • All these theories not only reflected the views of their authors, but also reflected the interests of large social groups • The political ideas of that time were closely linked with the philosophical, religious and ethical views of those thinkers

Confucius (5 -4 centuries BC) • Sincerity (ақжүректік/искренность) • Equity (әділдік/справедливость) • Moral demands (моральдық талапшылдық/моральная требовательность) • “Do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself” • “Ruler should be a ruler, the father as a father, the son as a son”

In general, Confucianism defended: The ideas of strict hierarchical differentiation Division of responsibilities among the members of society, like the division of the family State - it is a tool, a means of ensuring the good of the people and the necessary order Pillar (ұстын/основа) of the state must be not an impersonal law, but the wisdom (даналық/мудрость) and virtue of the Ruler and cultured society of virtue (ізгіліктік/добродетель)

Political thought in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome Democratic trends in public and political life of ancient Greece promoted deep theoretical foundation problems of the state, law and politics The ancient Greek philosophers Plato (427 -347 BC) and Aristotle (384 -322 BC) created a holistic philosophical and political concepts that have influenced the development of the entire European political thought Plato's goal is to create an ideal model of the state Aristotle classified the real forms of government by providing them the most optimal and efficient policy

The ideal model of a state according to the Platonic doctrine: Mind (rulers) Will (warriors) Feeling (artisans and landowners) Justice is what each does his job and did not interfere in the affairs of others

Aristotle’s doctrine: • Justice is what each does his job early and did not interfere in the affairs of others. The political system of government three parts: • Legislative • Administrative • Court

Aristotle’s doctrine: The state is composed of citizens. Citizens - is the one who offers four functions: • Military • Administrative • Judicial • Priestly

Aristotle’s doctrine: • Aristotle emphasizes the diversity of political systems • Some people just live in despotic power, and for others need a free political life • He identifies six forms of political structure: three correct (monarchy, aristocracy, polity) and three incorrect (tyranny, oligarchy, democracy)

Ancient Rome thinkers. Cicero (106 -43 BC) • After the decline of Greece ancient Rome began the rise • Rome became a world power • Prominent (әйгілі/видный) member of the Roman political thought was Cicero • He formulated the concept of the state • Cicero emphasized that the people is connected by an agreement on the rights and common interests

The Middle Ages (late V - middle of XVII century) • It was characterized by the emergence, expansion and domination of feudalism • The great influence on the spiritual life of society religion and church • The church at this time was to seek the influence and governance

Thomas Aquinas (1225 -1274) • Taking a number of Aristotle's doctrine of ideas, he tried to spread the religious beliefs • As an advocate of theory of inequality and exploitation (эксплуатация), Aquinas believed that the laws established by God • He attributed to God's will and the existence of the monarchy in the world

Thomas Aquinas (1225 -1274) • Human bodies belong only to the secular (зайырлы/светская) power • The souls (жан/души) belong to the God, the Church and the Pope • The church must control of over the state, science and art

The Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries) • Characterized by the disintegration of feudalism and the emergence of capitalism in Europe • This caused the development of technology, science, cities, commerce and art • In contrast to the ideology of the medieval asceticism (renunciation of earthly pleasures for the sake of paradise in the hereafter) ideology of the emerging bourgeois class defending humanist (human) values

The Renaissance ideas: • • The desire for earthly well-being The human right Free development Expression of creativity (шығармашылық қабілеттер/творческие способности), etc.

Nicola Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) he contrasted theological (religious) concepts of theory of secular (nonreligious) state One of the main functions of the state is the protection of private property Machiavelli first draws attention to the ability of people to influence the government The best form of government was republic

Thomas More (1478 - 1535) • "Utopia" • Published in 1516 • It essentially marked the beginning of a new ideological and political movement - utopian socialism

New time period (XVII-XVIII centuries) • characterized the consolidation of capitalism, the struggle for power of the bourgeoisie, the bourgeois revolution in England, Holland France • One of the main problems in the political science of the time was the problem of relationship between the individual and the state

New time period (XVII-XVIII centuries) • Proponents of this theory argued for legislative strengthening of freedom of opinion and actions of the people, the rights of possession and disposition of property, guarantees against arbitrariness and etc. • State, established the free will of the people must protect their rights, freedoms, not guaranteed by the state of nature

New generation of European thinkers: • • • H. Grotsy and B. Spinoza (Holland) Th. Hobbes, Dzh. Lokk, D. Uinstenli (England), G. Leybnits, I. Kant ( Germany) A. I. Radischev, Decembrists (Russia) Thomas Jefferson, T. Peyn (USA) Zh. Mele, G. Mabli Morelli, Denis Diderot, Voltaire and J. -J. Rousseau (France)