Skiing and Hunting Tourism Alpinism Skiing tourism

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Skiing and Hunting Tourism, Alpinism

Skiing tourism • Was invented in Norway at the end of 18 th century. • The first snowshoes were made of pine bark. • There are cross-country (беговые), mountain, jumping; ski for freestyle and snowboarding. • Skiing sport include first of all Olympic games kinds: ski racing, mountain-and-ski sport, ski jumping, freestyle, snowboarding, biathlon.

Features of skiing tourism - long-term character of hiking; - hiking can be on flat ground, mountain ground, taiga, tundra; - low temperature; - heavy rucksacks; - short daylight hours; - abrupt change in weather - the most hard thing is not to hike, but to spend the night

• Cold temperature is only possible to overcome by doing some work and good equipment. • All difficulties is possible to endure if the team is well-chosen, everybody cares the equal amount of weight and has some work to do at every stage of hiking.

Guess the type of ski : Freestyle

Guess the type of ski : Cross-country

Guess the type of ski : M o u n t a i n

Guess the type of ski : S n o w b o a d r

Guess the type of ski : Jumping

• The International Ski Federation (FIS) and the International Biathlon Union (IBU) are in charge of organization and implementation of competitions connected with ski disciplines. • Once every 4 years skiers participate in Winter Olympic Games. The second most important event for the skiers is the World Cup.

Categories of ski sport. Alpine • Also called downhill skiing, typically, it takes place at a ski resort or dry slope. It originated in the European Alps, and is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boot. • Includes all skiing kinds: Downhill, Giant Slalom, Super Giant Slalom, ski combination (where the champion is determined by the sum of two types - the downhill and slalom, and team competitions). • In alpine skiing, for every 1000 people skiing in a day, on average 2 -4 of them will require medical care. Knee injuries account for 33 percent of injuries. Most accidents are the result of user’s error leading to an isolated fall.

Downhill

Categories of ski sport. Nordic • Cross-country or backcountry skiing is the oldest form of skiing and was developed in Scandinavia as a way of traveling over snow. It uses free-heel bindings that attach at the toes of the skier's boots but not at the heels. Various specialties of competitive or recreational skiing developed from this basic style, sub-genres of Nordic skiing include: • Cross-country skiing (XC skiing) is a form of ski touring in which participants propel themselves across snowcovered terrain using skis and poles. • Ski-flying and ski jumping -is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump and attempt to land as far as possible down the hill below.

Cross-country skiing

Sky flying

Categories of ski sport. Nordic • Telemark (“free heel skiing") is a form of skiing using bindings where the boot is attached only at the toe (similar to those of Cross-country skiing), allowing the heel to come up from the ski. Because the heel is free, it allows the skier to go into a lunge position in order to turn. The act of lunging while turning is a technique called the telemark turn. • Skijoring ('skē-ʃɜːr-iŋ) is a winter sport where a person on ski is pulled by a horse, a dog (or dogs) or a motor vehicle. It is derived from the Norwegian word skikjøring meaning ski driving.

Telemark

Skijoring

Skijoring, 1963

Categories of ski sport. Freestyle • Downhill skiing slope with elements of ballet and acrobatic jumps.

Categories of ski sport. Snowboard • Exercises at one “big ski”.

The main places for skiing tourism • • • Tatra and Rhodope mountains; Austrian Alps; Dolomites; Switzerland resorts; French Alps; Pyrenees

Marking of trails • • • "Green" - simple for beginners "Blue" - the average "Red" - the complex, for good skiers "Black" - very difficult, steep, for professionals tracks «freeride» - not marked trails, complex configuration and allow to go down the preestablished routes

The best European ski resorts

Alpinism (Climbing, Mountaineering)

• Climbing is sport and recreation activity, which arose in the Alps, aiming to climb to the top of the mountains, followed by the descent on the way up or the other way. Sport essence of climbing is to overcome the obstacles created by nature (height, terrain, weather), on the way to the top. The object of competition’s climbing is the height of peaks, the technical complexity of the route, its nature and extension.

• As a kind of sport was born in 1766, when Swiss scientist Horace-Benedict de Saussure offered the prize to the first, who will get to the highest point of the Alps - Mont Blanc (4810 m). • Conquest of difficult slope of the peak Matterhorn initiated competition for climbing on the alpine peaks in 1865. • Climbing technique involves methods of belay and possession of rope, the ability to move and to arrange belay.

Memorable dates of world and Russian mountaineering 1799 - 1804 - Alexander von Humboldt (naturalist, geographer and traveler) reached an altitude of 5, 800 meters at the ascent on Chimborazo volcano in South America. 1800 - First ascent of the Grossglockner, the Alps. 1809 - First woman Marie Paradis climbed Mont Blanc (in order to expand its gift business). 1829 - The first ascent of the eastern peak of Elbrus by Elbrus expedition members of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1857 - Foundation of the Alpine Club (Alpine Club) in London. 1862 - Foundation of the Austrian Alpine Union (Österreichischen Alpenverein).

1863 - Foundation of the Swiss Alpine club (Schweizer Alpen-Club). 1869 - Foundation of the German Alpine Union (Deutschen Alpenverein). 1881 - Foundation of the club "Edelweiss" in Salzburg, Austria. 1889 - First ascent on Kilimanjaro. 1923 - Reaching the members of the British expedition (Somervell, Odell, D. Mallory, Irvine E. ) of 8530 m altitude while trying to climb Everest. 1923 - August 27, conquest of Kazbek by large group of students of the University of Tiflis under leadership of G. N. Nikoladze. Is considered to be the birthday of Soviet mountaineering.

• 1953 - Conquest of the highest peak of the world Mount Everest by Edmund Hillary and Norgay Tenzing. • 1978 - First ascent on Everest without oxygen devices by Peter Habeler (Peter Habeler) and Reinhold Messner (Reinhold Messner). • 1982 - First ascent of Soviet climbers on Everest through super complicated rout.

Records in alpinism • The youngest conqueror of the peak of Everest - Shambu Tamang , 17 years old, from Nepal - reached the top 8850 m in 1973. • The oldest conqueror - Ramon Blanco of Venezuela - in 1993 climbed Everest in 60 years. • Japanese Teiichi Igarashi in 1986 rose to the height of Mount Fuji 3776 m in 99 years. • Italian Reinhold Messner is the first man to conquer all the 14 mountains of 8 thsd meters high, including the highest peaks - Everest, Kanchenjunga and Chogori (1982). • Ang Rita climbed Everest 10 times. • An international team of climbers from the U. S. , USSR and China in 1990 set a record when 10 person climbed Everest at one time. • In 1993 40 people (32 men and 8 women) from nine expeditions and 10 countries climbed the Everest at one time.

Kinds of climbing. Rock climbing • Is a sport developed from climbing, in which people compete in the ability to overcome complex areas of rocks, both natural and artificial, as a rule, by free climbing with belay. • There are two types of rock climbing competition: for difficulty, for speed. • Crimean peninsula, with its natural and climatic conditions, is ideal for rock climbing lessons amateur and sports. At May holidays and at fall Moscow climbing championship is held on the rocks near the village of Foros.

The list of rocky objects that are allowed for training, competition and climbing (Crimean Control and Rescue Service data) Eastern Crimea: scaur Syuyuryu-Kaya, sc. Frog, cape Alchak, sc. Serf, Pavlan-Kai, Sokol, Karaul-Oba, Parsuk-Kai. Central Crimea: scaurs of Kizil-Koba valley, sc. Syuyuryu. Kai, cliff Storozhevoi, sc. Starosel, scales of Snake valley, sc. Hangar-Burun. Southern coast of Crimea: sc. Paragilmen, Red stone, Nikita rocks, sc. Krestovaya, Alim, sc. Besedka, sc. Koshka, Khergiani, wall of array Ay-Petri, sc. Shaan-Kaya, Alupka wall, Kastropol wall, Foros wall, ck. Wing Swan. South-Western Crimea: sc. Ilyas Kai, sc. of cape Sarych, Kush-Kaya, Aya, Parus, Mshatka-Kayasy, Kilse-Burun, mount. Morcheka, sc. Merdven-Kai, mount. Spirady.

Scaur Syuyuryu. Kaya

Mountain Sokol (Falcone)

Scaur Karaul-Oba

Scaur Paragilmen

Scaur Krestovaya

Scaur Besedka (Alcove)

Scaur Koshka (Cat)

The Wall of Ai. Petri’s array

Kastropol Wall

Wing of the Swan Scaur

Ilias Kai Scaur

Cape Aya scaur

Kinds of climbing. Ice climbing • Ice climbing is the movement on the ice-bound terrain, usually vertical or overhanging. Came from the ice climbing and mountaineering, formed as a separate sport in the last two decades of the 20 th century. • The first official competitions were held in the Caucasus in 1981 on the glacier Kashkatash. • There are Alpine and Himalayan climbing styles. • Alpine style - a sequenced rise to the top with all the equipment. • Himalayan style is pre-treatment route climbing, staking belay ropes (rails), by setting the camps, equipment and oxygen delivery to these camps, which involves multiple ascents and descents from camp to camp. • Himalaya style is a kind of siege of mountains, sometimes taking 2 -3 months, but such tactics allowed to reach the top of Everest and other eight-thousanders.

Equipment for ice climbing Ice pick, ice hammer

Crampon (Cat)

Helmet Helmet

Carbine Belay system

Abalakov loop

Kinds of climbing. Combined rock-snow-and-ice climbing These are the classical mountaineering, which was born in the Alps, when the height does not exceed 4810 meters (the height of Mont Blanc) above sea level. Climbers usually not face with signs of acute symptoms of mountain sickness.

Kinds of climbing. High-altitude climbing It is climbing on peaks higher than 6, 500 meters above sea level, located in the high mountains: the Himalayas, Karakoram, Pamir and Tien Shan Mountains, the Andes. The main challenge is the need to mobilize the maximum of live forces to overcome the negative effects of height, dry thin air, ultraviolet radiation, high winds, low temperatures.

• Despite the use of special oxygen equipment in high-altitude ascent to peaks above 8, 000 meters high, long-term human presence at these altitudes is impossible. This highaltitude zone called "zone of death". • To overcome the negative effects of altitude and successful ascent it is always required acclimatization.

What problems can appear during ski hikings /trips and climbing?

The key Associations Method of solving the problem Guide To find another one / To study the information beforehand by yourself / To have a GPS navigator Equipment To have additional one / To have instruments to repair / To have a person, able to go and get another one Weather To have equipment, suitable for different weather conditions Team To test the psychological compatibility of people in team Mood To have musical instruments to change the mood Money To have all necessary to not use the money during the hike/climbing Food To gain the skills how to find the food in outstanding situations Transport To prepare several plans how to get to the destination Security To have special equipment to protect the hiking team Location To have GPS navigator / To learn beforehand how to locate/orientate in different conditions

Hunting Tourism

How do we have to understand hunting tourism? • Hunting is an original form of land use - besides others like forestry, agriculture, fisheries and even mining. • It has significance in different regions and continents of the world. • Hunting is not only a form of using wild living resources by locals; in some areas hunting became a practice of non-residents only. • Non-resident hunters can be characterised as people who undertake great efforts in order to hunt at a certain destination. • Therefore, hunting abroad means tourism and actually forms part of the wider tourism market. In other words, each non-residential hunter – regardless of how many kilometres he travels – is a tourist.

How is hunting integrated into the tourism market?

How is hunting integrated into the tourism market? • Tourists, even hunting tourists, have many different motivations for travelling. • There are strong links with nature tourism, in particular culture, rural, and adventure tourism, but also with the market niche of ecotourism. • The hunting activity might be the main purpose of a trip, but nonetheless, it is only one part of the entire touristic product. • The elements of tourism, namely transportation, local mobility, activities in the destination, food and accommodation, services and goods etc. allow hunters to hunt abroad.

How is hunting integrated into the tourism market? • Hunting tourism brings important benefits to rural areas, which have basically economical value. • Furthermore, hunting generates ecological and socio-cultural values. • The true combination of tourism and hunting leads to a win-win situation and results in synergetic effects. The value of wildlife is increasing – this offers incentives for wildlife and habitat conservation.

What do we have to know about the market of Hunting Tourism? • Approximately 4 to 6 million hunters are willing to travel abroad for a hunting experience. • Scientists divide this market in the smaller and wider market for hunting tourism.

What do we have to know about the market of Hunting Tourism? The smaller market

What do we have to know about the market of Hunting Tourism? • The wider market-1

What do we have to know about the market of Hunting Tourism? • The wider market -2

What do we have to know about the market of Hunting Tourism? • Compared to the tourism market, professional tourism management is not always visible within the hunting tourism sector. • The arrangement of a specific hunting trip is done by use of existing offers (“hunting arrangements”) and according to the clients’ individual desire. • It often remains unclear how the revenues of a hunting trip are divided. It seems that only 1/3 of the revenues benefit local people - which is not much. • Currently, the market is characterised by the absence of transparency and trustable data. It is not actually clear, whether Hunting Tourism meets the requirements of the market and the society.

Does Hunting Tourism meet the criteria for sustainability? The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (1992) applied the concept of sustainable development.

How can we make hunting tourism more sustainable? • The Convention on Biodiversity has developed the socalled Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity (AAPG), which finally adopted by the Parties to the CBD in February 2004. • The AAPG provide a framework for assisting stakeholders on all geographical (international, regional, national and local) levels, as well as institutional levels such as the UN System, Conventions, Governments, development agencies, local and indigenous communities, resource managers, the private sector and NGOs, on how to ensure that their uses of biodiversity will not lead to its long-term decline. The CBD has also developed Guidelines on Biodiversity and Tourism Development.

How can we make hunting tourism more sustainable? • Examples for guidelines developed on a national level can for instance be found in Sweden: the tourism provider Nature’s Best – a joint network of now more then 50 tour operators – offers more then 100 certified products. • Two out of these 100 products offer hunting trips that fulfil the “sustainability criteria” of Nature’s Best. These criteria are developed according to the special Swedish circumstances and are by now a best practice example for ecotourism, recognised even globally.

How can we make hunting tourism more sustainable? • Sustainable hunting tourism

Hunting patterns in Europe

Hunting patterns in Europe In contrast to the USA, European hunting remains an activity that contains many traditional, recreational, subsistence and commercial elements and is closely tied to landownership.

Ungulate harvest in the former USSR

Ungulate harvest in the former USSR Deer Roe deer

Ungulate harvest in the former USSR Saiga Reindeer

Ungulate harvest in the former USSR Red deer Wild boar

Ungulate harvest in the former USSR Snow sheep Musk deer (кабарог)

Ungulate harvest in the former USSR Siberian ibex deer Sika Caucasian tur

Economic benefits of hunting in USA • A recent survey of 2000 randomly selected Safari Club International (SCI) members found that the average hunter will spend 36 days and from US$2, 000 to US$5, 000 every year on hunting trips. • He/she will spend an additional US$5000 on airfares, vehicles, guns and other equipment in order to go hunting. • The average hunter will also spend US$1, 267 a year on conservation programs that directly benefit wildlife. • If this figure is extrapolated to 14 million active recreational hunters in the USA, where they were taken, it reveals a staggering US$28 -70 billion spent on hunting by hunters and an additional US$17 billion spent for conservation.

Hunting And The General Public

A Social Profile Of The Hunter

What is Canned Hunting? • This is when animals are hunted in cages, artificially lured by bait, sound or smell, even when tranquillised. • Most often the ‘hunter’ is in no danger from the predator. • These animals are often hand-reared, tamed or hand-fed, hence they don’t flee the hunter. • There is NO escape. Aiming not for a quick, humane kill, but shot where the hide wont be spoilt!

Who is the Ethical Hunter? • • Respect for Nature He hunts with humility and compassion Utilises game wisely and nothing is wasted Does not pollute the environment, he leaves no trace Respect for Fellllow Hunters He maintains weapon safety at all times He does not hunt when intoxicated He refrains from petty competitions His behaviour is a credit to all hunters

Who is the Ethical Hunter? Respect for Game • Adheres to the 'fair chase' of wild, self-sufficient game • Shuns all forms of ‘canned hunts’ - no cages, lures or spotlights • Never shoots from a vehicle or drives down prey - hunts are walked & stalked • Hides are placed well away from water holes or salt licks • He uses the correct gun/bow and ammo for the targeted game • Pregnant and dependant animals are spared • By practising humane, quick kills • He carefully selects individual prey and shot placement • Dogs only used for tracking & retrieving, not attacking game

Who is the Ethical Hunter? Respect for Landowners • Treats landowners, their property, game, livestock & employees with care and courtesy • He obtains all permits and obeys all laws (Methods, seasons, quotas) • Reports illegal hunting practices