Semey state Medical University Chair of Public Health and informatics SIW «CLINICAL MEDICINE IN NEW TIME» Performed by: Shakayeva Aizhan Ph-201 Checked by: Semey, 2013
PLAN 17 th and 18 th Century Medicine The first methods and instruments of the physical examination of the patient. Clinical medicine of the western medicine in the 18 th century Surgery Hygiene and Public Health
17 TH AND 18 TH CENTURY MEDICINE Medical practice began to greatly improve during the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Professional societies were formed in all major European capitals, and scientists shared their research by publishing in journals. Medical researchers made some astounding discoveries. William Harvey determined how blood circulated through the body. Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a microscope and discovered blood cells, bacteria, and protozoa. Edward Jenner invented vaccination after discovering the relationship between cowpox and smallpox. Clinical practice was revolutionized by Thomas Sydenham who developed a treatment procedure that recognized the importance of environmental considerations and included careful, detailed observation and record keeping.
Vitamins were discovered and their importance to health recognized. New drugs, including digitalis, were developed, and vaccination was perfected by Edward Jenner. Giovanni B Margagni founded pathologic anatomy, and Marie Francois Bichat created the field of histology. Still, many of the old practices, like bleeding, continued, and several new and dangerous treatment theories, like homeopathy, flourished for periods of time. As the practice of medicine became more professional, many folk healers were prohibited, and male obstetricians began to replace traditional midwives.
THE FIRST METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS OF THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT. The history of thermometer (XVI-XVIII centuries). ; Fahrenheit thermometers D. (1709), R. Reomyura (1730), A. Tselsiya (1742). The introduction of thermometry in clinical practice (XVIII-XIX centuries). . The opening of percussion: L. Auenbrugger (17221809, Austria), his work "as a new way of percussion of the chest by a person discover hidden within the chest cavity of the disease" (1761), the development of the method L. Auenbruggera in the work Zh. N. Korvizara (1755 -1821, France) "New Method" (1808). Opening of mediocre auscultation: R. T. Laennek (1781 - 1826, France), his work "On auscultation mediocre. . . " (1819), the invention of the stethoscope (1819).
THE FIRST METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS OF THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT Instrumental, physical and chemical methods of laboratory and functional diagnosis: endoscopy (end of the nineteenth century. ), Xray method (1895, K. Rentgen, Germany); Riva-Rocci apparatus for measuring blood pressure (1896), and the auscultatory method sphygmomanometer NS Korotkov (1905), electrocardiograph V. Eythovena (1903, Holland); radioactive methods (1904, 1910), electroencephalography (V. V. Pravdich-Neminsky, 1913; H. Berger, 1928)
CLINICAL MEDICINE OF THE WESTERN MEDICINE IN THE 18 TH CENTURY The 18 th century is an important turning point not only in human history, but also in medical history. G. B. Morgagni was an Italian who founded the organic pathology in the 18 th century, which was a bridge between basic medicine and clinical medicine of western medicine. H. Boerhaave called for "paying attention to the development of clinical medicine", and under this situation, western clinical medicine was attached importance and developed again in the 18 th century. However, at the same time, the mechanical materialism was also infiltrated into western clinical medicine.
SURGERY Four problems of surgery at the beginning of new time: the lack of anesthesia, wound infection and sepsis, blood loss, lack of scientific basis of surgical technique. Anesthesia. Background: Nitrous oxide (H. Devi, 1800; M. Faradey 1818; G. Uellz, 1844), ether (K. Long, 1842). History of the discovery of anesthesia: ether (Ch. Dzhekson; U. Morton, Dzh. Uorren October 16, 1846, USA), chloroform (Dzh. Simpson, 1847, UK). An experimental study of the effects of anesthesia on animals (NI Pirogov, A. M. Filomafitsky, 1847, Russia). The widespread introduction of anesthesia in theater: Pirogov (1847, 18541856).
SURGERY Antiseptic and aseptic. Empirical methods of dealing with wound infection: I. F. Zemmelveys (1847, Hungary); I. V. Buyalsky (Russia); Pirogov (Russian). The discovery of methods antiseptics (Dzh. Lister, 1867, UK) and aseptic (E. Bergmann, K. Shimmelbush, 1890, Germany). Technique of surgical interventions: L. Geyster (1683 -1758, Germany), Zh. L. Pti (1674 -1750, France), Zh. D. Larrey (17661842, France), I. V. Buyalsky (1789 -1866 , Russia), B. Langenbek (1810 -1887, Germany), NI Pirogov (1810 -1881, Russia). Create topographic (surgical) anatomy Pirogov, his works "Full Course Applied anatomy of the human body. . . " (1843 -1848) and "The Illustrated topographic anatomy cuts carried out in three directions across the frozen human body" in 4 volumes (1852 -1859). The formation of military surgery. D. Larrey (1766 -1842) and his work "Scientific Notes of military surgery in military campaigns" (1812 -1817). Pirogov and his "Principles of General military surgery. . . " (1864, 1865).
HYGIENE AND PUBLIC HEALTH The origin of of demographic statistics: Dzh. Graunt (1620 -1674, England) U. Petti (1623 -1687, England). Beginning of demography and sanitary statistics in Russia: VNTatishchev (1686 -1750), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 -1765), D. Bernuli (1700 - 1782), P. P. Pelehin (1794 -1871). Becoming a of professional pathology: B. Ramatstsini (1633 -1714, Italy), his work "The arguments about diseases of artisans" (1700). The idea of public health: Y. P. Frank (1745 -1821, Austria, Russia), his work "The system of universal health police" (1779 -1819). The first law on public health (Public Health Act) and state institution for the protection of public health (General Board of Health, in 1848, England). Development of public health in England: Dzh. Saymon (1816 -1904). Becoming a pilot hygiene: M. Pettenkofer (1818 -1901, Germany), A. P. Dobroslavin (1842 -1889, Russia), F. F. Erisman (1842 -1915, Russia). Differentiation of sanitary science.
CONCLUSION The scientific basis for current medical practice was developed during the 19 th century, and all of the disciplines--except anatomy--that make up the first two years of medical school were founded. Jakob Henle linked the study of anatomy with the study of biological functions and created physiology. Robert Virchow created the field of cellular pathology. Louis Pasteur's experiments, including his famous study of hydrophobia-rabies, evolved into the field of microbiology, and when Robert Koch discovered the bacteria that created anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera, he created the field of bacteriology. Advances in clinical medicine did not advance as rapidly as basic medical science. There were, however some dramatic discoveries. Joseph Lister proved that surgery could be made safer by disinfecting surgical equipment, and William Morton developed anesthesia techniques that made surgery painless.
REFERENCE US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health MEDDD. ru - история болезни и медицинские рефераты
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