SEMEY STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITI Chair of Kazakh and

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SEMEY STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITI Chair of Kazakh and Foreign Languages Theme: The founder of Virology. PreparedSEMEY STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITI Chair of Kazakh and Foreign Languages Theme: The founder of Virology. Prepared by: Igilikova B. B. Student of 236 group General Medical Faculti Supervisor: Semey 2015 year

  Plane: 11. .  Department of Virology 2. History 3. 3.  Education 4. Plane: 11. . Department of Virology 2. History 3. 3. Education 4. 4. Scientific work 5. The Foundations of Medical and Veterinary Virology: Discoverer and Discoveries, Inventors and Inventions, Developers and Technologies

   Department of Virology is a leading institution for schooling professional virologists in Ukraine. Department of Virology is a leading institution for schooling professional virologists in Ukraine. Specializing at the department, students obtain ground theoretical and practical training in whole set of scientific branches of modern virology including medical and veterinary virology, viruses of plants and bacteria. Scientific interests of the department lie in the field of ecology and epidemiology of virus diseases of cultural plants and bacteriophages of phytopathogenic bacteria on the territory of Ukraine.

 The fundamental aspect of research is investigation of virus infection development in anthropogenically modified environment. The fundamental aspect of research is investigation of virus infection development in anthropogenically modified environment. Practical achievements are development of diagnostic tools for virus detection, technologies for obtaining virus-free plants, mapping of spread of viruses infecting major crops and elaboration of recommendations for rational use of agricultural resources from virologist’s point of view. Head of the Department – Valery P. Polischuk , Prof. , Dr. Sci. , Laureate of State Award of Ukraine in Science and Technology (2005) and Award of D. K. Zabolotny of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1997).

 Pathway of virology science in Ukraine is historically connected to Kyiv University.  In 1903, Pathway of virology science in Ukraine is historically connected to Kyiv University. In 1903, here in University of St. Volodymyr (now Taras Shevchenko’ Kyiv National University), D. Y. Ivanovskiy – founder of of virology and our fellow countryman – successfully defended his doctoral thesis entitled ‘Mosaic disease of tobacco’, thus officially confirming his discovery of the pathogen Tobacco mosaic virus in 1892.

 In 1962, for the first time in ex-USSR,  Virology  Department has been established In 1962, for the first time in ex-USSR, Virology Department has been established at Taras Shevchenko’ Kyiv National University which enabled schooling professional virologists. The founder and first Head of the Department of Virology was Nina Petrivna Kornyushenko, Dr. Sci. , recognized virologist and epidemiologist, who ruled the department during 1962 -1978. University professors P. D. Kharchenko and M. M. Rotmistrov greatly helped in organizing the department. Lecturers also actively participated in department establishing: Assistant Professors M. K. Topchiy, V. G. Baysheva, O. V. Sidorenko, Ph. D student A. V. Maselyuk (now Prof. A. V. Rudenko).

 In 1978 -2003, the Department was headed by A. L. Boyko – Professor, Dr. Sci. In 1978 -2003, the Department was headed by A. L. Boyko – Professor, Dr. Sci. , Academician of UAAS and AS HSU, Laureate of State Award of Ukraine in Science and Technology and Award of D. K. Zabolotny of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From December 2003, the Department of Virology is ruled by V. P. Polischuk — Professor, Dr. Sci. , Laureate of State Award of Ukraine in Science and Technology and Award of D. K. Zabolotny of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

 Today, the Department of Virology keeps up productive relationships with scientific centers in Russia, USA, Today, the Department of Virology keeps up productive relationships with scientific centers in Russia, USA, Great Britain, Germany, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Spain, Taiwan, etc. Academician A. L. Boyko founded novel scientific school for studying structure and function of viruses in different ecological conditions. In this direction, 3 doctoral thesises and 28 Ph. D thesises have been defended. Productive research of viruses infecting plants, microorganisms and insect led to obtaining valuable information on properties of many new virus pathogens of sunflower, hop, aromatic rose and other cultures (A. L. Boyko, V. P. Polischuk, O. A. Kondratyuk, N. A. Knyazeva, G. S. Litvinov and others, 1989). Viruses of phytopathogenic bacteria (L. V. Tokarchuk, L. I. Semchuk), wheat (L. T. Mischenko), insects and fish (A. L. Boyko, G. S. Litvinov, and L. P. Buchatskiy) are studied. For many years, one of the main subjects of research activity of the Department was investigation of heterogeneity of influenza virus populations and its role in epidemic processes (N. P. Kornyushenko, O, V, Sidorenko, N. V. Taykova, T. B. Graschenko, T. P. Zelenska, T. O. Ignatenko).

 The Department schools professional virologists of three educational qualifications: Bachelor Degree, Specialist Degree, and Master The Department schools professional virologists of three educational qualifications: Bachelor Degree, Specialist Degree, and Master Degree. At the Department, students receive ground theoretical and practical trainings. In constantly renewed special courses, all current branches of virology are fully reflected. At practical lessons, students are taught to employ classical and novel research methods to study viruses of human, animals, plants and microorganisms. Future virologists further extend their knowledge and practical skills during educational, industrial and pre-diploma practice either at the Department or in leading research institutions

  These practices aim to help future professionals to choose profile of work corresponding to These practices aim to help future professionals to choose profile of work corresponding to their intentions in the best way. The Department also offers possibilities for training experts via post-graduate courses for Ph. D degree or for obtaining Doctoral degree in virology. . Graduates of the Department successfully work in major Research Institutes of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, institutions of Ministry of Health, Ministry for Education and Science, organizations of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, and in scientific institutions abroad as well.

 Research work is conducted by the group of Research Laboratory for Virus Ecology and Diagnostic Research work is conducted by the group of Research Laboratory for Virus Ecology and Diagnostic of Virus Diseases, by Teaching Staff of the Department, and by graduate and post-graduate students. Starting from 1979, investigations focused on regularities of pathogenesis of plant virus infections and development of preventive measures for rational use of natural bioresources has begun. General tendencies in infectious process of viruses, previously undetected in Ukraine, were studied.

 These were virus pathogens affecting hop,  sunflower, sugar beet, wheat (Prof.  A. L. These were virus pathogens affecting hop, sunflower, sugar beet, wheat (Prof. A. L. Boyko, Sr. Research fellow N. A. Knyazeva, Ass. Prof. O. A. Kondratyuk, Chief Research fellow L. T. Mischenko, Research fellow N. A. Senchugova). Under supervision of Prof. V. P. Polischuk, at the beginning of 1990 ies research activity was initiated on the influence of environmental stress factors, primarily ionizing radiation exemplified by Chernobyl zone and heavy metals, on pathogenesis of plant virus infections, virus spread and evolution.

 Research work of Ph. D students of the Department of Virology is focused on ecology Research work of Ph. D students of the Department of Virology is focused on ecology and epidemiology of virus pathogens infecting vegetable/fruit cultures and medicinal plants, chemotherapy of virus diseases of plants, and also on development, spread and evolution of plant virus infections in extreme climatic conditions (Antarctica).

 Major directions of scientific work of the Department are as follows: - ecology and epidemiology Major directions of scientific work of the Department are as follows: — ecology and epidemiology of viruses of plants and microorganisms; — diagnostics of virus infections; — characteristics of structure and function of virus pathogens; — elaboration of technological approaches for control and prophylaxis of virus and bacterial infections of agricultural plants; — screening of antiviral compounds

 Peter Medawar Isaac Newton in a letter to Robert Hooke,  1676 “ A great Peter Medawar Isaac Newton in a letter to Robert Hooke, 1676 “ A great many highly creative scientists take it quite for granted that an interest in the history of science is a sign of failing powers…. The history of science does not often interest the scientist as science. ” «If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. «

 The foundation of the medical and veterinary virology/viral disease sciences predates the concept of the The foundation of the medical and veterinary virology/viral disease sciences predates the concept of the specificity of disease causation and is heavily dependent upon initial discoveries about bacteria and bacterial diseases. Upon a broad and venerable foundation, Louis Pasteur established the microbiologic/virologic/infectious disease sciences, first in 1857 by discovering the specificity of microbial fermentations (wine, beer, cheese), then in 1865 by extending the concept to infectious diseases of silkworms, and finally between 1877 and 1895 by extending the concept to human and animal diseases. His early infectious disease work centered on septic war wounds; he then turned to anthrax and other bacterial diseases, and lastly to rabies. In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at discovering the causative agent to the development of specific intervention.

 In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at discovering the causative agent to In each instance, he moved quickly from studies aimed at discovering the causative agent to the development of specific intervention. In 1885, Pasteur gave the first rabies vaccine to a boy, Joseph Meister, bitten severely by a rabid dog—that day marked the opening of the modern era of infectious disease science aimed at disease prevention and control. Pasteur was joined by Robert Koch, who discovered the causative agents of tuberculosis and cholera and contributed much to the development of laboratory methods in bacteriology. Koch also worked on several diseases which others eventually showed were caused by viruses. As a result of the work of Pasteur, Koch and others, the identification of the causative agents of many important human diseases proceeded at breakneck pace around the turn of the twentieth century.

The listing is completely arbitrary, based only on the author’s decision as to what to includeThe listing is completely arbitrary, based only on the author’s decision as to what to include and what to leave out. Several factors guided this decision: (1) The table is not limited simply to human pathogenic viruses per se; many important veterinary and zoonotic pathogens are included because they have always been part of the context in which human viruses are studied, and because it is the zoonotic and species-jumping viruses from which most of the new, emerging and re-emerging human pathogens originate. Thus, it seemed best to err on the side of inclusiveness. Further, in the era of the founding of virology there was exceptional crossover between human and veterinary virology, much more than is seen today—there is value in being reminded of this. (2) The table is not limited to the type viruses of families and genera; rather the table is extended to include as many as possible of the important and interesting pathogens that are the focus of medical and veterinary virology and comparative virology research

 From the foundation laid by Pasteur, Koch and their colleagues, others extended the breadth and From the foundation laid by Pasteur, Koch and their colleagues, others extended the breadth and depth of the infectious disease sciences in many ways. There are many names to be remembered. The following table is an attempt to remember some of the discoverers and discoveries, inventors and inventions, and developers and technologies that were seminal in the advance of medical and veterinary virology.

 (3) In some instances the table includes two entries for a given virus, one from (3) In some instances the table includes two entries for a given virus, one from the era when the classification of an infectious agent as a virus was based solely upon its ultra-filterability, and a second from the modern era, when the virus was defined by more definitive methods. (4) The discovery/development of the great attenuated viruses used in vaccines is included, but in condensed form—a comprehensive listing here would have to include the many independently derived vaccine substrates. (5) The arboviruses proved to be a special case because of their profusion, so a selective approach was taken in order to emphasize those viruses causing major human and veterinary diseases and the initial discoveries of viruses representing major groups.

 (6) The attempt to include inventors and their inventions,  and developers and their technologies (6) The attempt to include inventors and their inventions, and developers and their technologies proved especially difficult—the crucial role of these in the advance of the virology/viral disease sciences is acknowledged, but in many cases breakthroughs derive to commercial corporations rather than individuals and credit is difficult to attribute. (7) The table fails greatly in not capturing the excitement, the romance, the “Eureka!” behind each entry—only a full article, or in some cases a full book, on each discovery and invention would do justice to the story behind each entry. (8) The table must be seen as a “work-in-progress”—it is meant to be used, to be modified, and changed in any way to meet the particular needs of any and all virologists. (9) The table inevitably contains errors—it is meant to be corrected by all users, preferably with communication about such errors to the author.

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