Saint-Petersburg State University of Stavanger “Joint Norwegian-Russian Master of Science program in Geoecological monitoring and rational use of natural resources in the Northern oil and gas production regions”
Lesson 10 The Ecological Monitoring of Plants Quality and Vegetation Condition
Geoecological (environmental) monitoring in inaccessible region and without posts of ecological monitoring observations (Local level of monitoring) n New ecosystem approach to study nature in complex integration of its components n Study geoindicators and bioindicators of anthropogenic load
Bioindication method allows to value complex anthropogenic influence and its ecological consequences in natural and technogenically damaged landscapes.
According to the organizational levels of biological systems there are determined the levels of biological indication. Six levels of bioindication are given in the book "Bioindication of contamination of terrestrial ecosystems" (ed. R. Schubert, 1988): n Biochemical and physiological reactions. Anatomic, morphological, biorhythmic and behavioral deviations. Floristic, faunistic and chorological changes. n Microbiological, zoo- and phytocenotic changes. n Biogeocenosis changes. n Landscape changes. n n
Techniques and tools & The biomarker consept Pollutant exposure Chemical anal. Biomarkers Bio-assays Fitness; - survival - reproduction Animal density Biodiversity Indicator species Chain of events… Chemical exposure Population Community Population Individual At different levels of biological organisation Ecosystem change Population Molecules Biochemical responses Population Cells Earlyeffects Latereffects
Now many methods of environmental state estimation using plants from molecular up to a landscape level have been designed. They are supported by carrying out field and laboratory research
Phytoindication of ecological state of tundra ecosystems Phytoindication is the method of investigation of habitat’s components using plants and vegetation
The basic attention is given to: Pollution of the plants n Changing species diversity n Disturbance of vegetation n
The chemical composition of indicatorplants is the specific indicator of anthropogenic environmental pollution
BIOINDICATION of ecological state of Urengoy tundra ecosystems by – Larix sibirica L. – Cladonia alpestris (L. ) Rubh. , – Ledum decumbens (Ait. ) Lodd. ex Steud. – Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
Larix sibirica L. Cladonia alpestris (L. ) Rubh. Ledum decumbens (Ait. ) Lodd. ex Steud. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.
The list of laboratory analyses of indicator-plants Analyze Plants Anion-cation-composition - Heavy metal (HМ*) + Arsenic + Hydrocarbon (HC) - PCB - PAH - Radiation Microbiological investigation * - Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd, V, Mn, Ba, Cr, Hg -
Content of chemical elements in plants of Samburgskoe petroleum field, mg/kg dry weight / ppm Element n Average min- max δ К Klark Element n Vaccinium uliginosum Average min- max δ К Ledum decumbens Ba 24 98, 0 62, 9 -142, 1 24, 8 25, 3 22, 5 Ba 28 122, 7 76, 6 -176, 23 27, 0 22, 0 Mn 24 992 594 -1615 236 24 205 Mn 28 1160 715 -1544 248 21 Zn 24 47, 7 34, 9 -59, 5 5, 4 11, 3 30 Zn 28 35, 3 28, 1 -44, 8 4, 4 12, 6 Cu 24 5, 4 3, 1 -7, 9 1, 2 21, 8 8 Cu 28 4, 0 2, 2 -6, 3 1, 1 26, 9 Ni 24 2, 7 0, 7 -5, 2 1, 3 48, 1 2 Ni 28 2, 4 0, 8 -4, 1 0, 8 33, 5 Co 24 0, 14 0, 08 -0, 20 0, 03 20, 7 0, 5 Co 28 0, 15 0, 08 -0, 19 0, 03 20, 52 Pb 22 2, 2 0, 7 -5, 3 1, 4 61, 8 1, 25 Pb 28 2, 7 0, 9 -4, 8 1, 2 42, 7 Cd 24 0, 23 0, 12 -0, 46 0, 09 40, 2 0, 035 Cd 28 0, 25 0, 14 -0, 41 0, 08 30, 1 Cr 24 0, 65 0, 16 -0, 94 0, 23 34, 68 1, 8 Cr 28 0, 61 0, 24 -0, 89 0, 19 31, 3 Hg 24 0, 020 0, 009 -0, 032 0, 006 32, 601 Hg 28 0, 021 0, 011 -0, 034 0, 006 29, 636
The regional geochemical background of plants The rule of calculation of the regional geochemical background х + , where х – average arithmetic, – standard deviation Anomaly concentration High anomaly concentration х + 2 х + 3
The regional geochemical background of plants of Samburgskoe petroleum field, mg/kg dry weight Element n Average min- max δ CV Clark Element n Vaccinium uliginosum Average min- max δ CV Ledum decumbens Ba 24 98, 0 62, 9 -142, 1 24, 8 25, 3 22, 5 Ba 28 122, 7 76, 6 -176, 23 27, 0 22, 0 Mn 23 964 594 -1328 200 21 205 Mn 28 1160 715 -1544 248 21 Zn 23 47, 2 34, 9 -55, 2 4, 9 10, 4 30 Zn 27 34, 9 28, 1 -41, 3 4, 1 11, 7 Cu 23 5, 3 3, 1 -7, 9 1, 1 20, 3 8 Cu 27 3, 9 2, 2 -5, 8 1, 0 25, 4 Ni 24 2, 7 0, 7 -5, 2 1, 3 48, 1 2 Ni 27 2, 4 0, 8 -3, 9 0, 8 32, 2 Co 24 0, 14 0, 08 -0, 20 0, 03 20, 7 0, 5 Co 28 0, 15 0, 08 -0, 19 0, 03 20, 52 Pb 23 2, 1 0, 7 -5, 0 1, 2 58, 3 1, 25 Pb 28 2, 7 0, 9 -4, 8 1, 2 42, 7 Cd 23 0, 22 0, 12 -0, 43 0, 08 36, 0 0, 035 Cd 27 0, 25 0, 14 -0, 37 0, 07 28, 64 Cr 24 0, 65 0, 16 -0, 94 0, 23 34, 68 1, 8 Cr 28 0, 61 0, 24 -0, 89 0, 19 31, 3 Hg 24 0, 020 0, 0090, 032 0, 006 32, 601 0, 12 Hg 27 0, 18 0, 011 -0, 030 0, 006 28, 022
Method of the main component of the factorial analysis Samburgskoe petroleum field Severo-Urengoyskoe petroleum field 1 42, 2 Y 84 V 83 Zr 78 Co 77 Ti 76 Ba 69 Ni 69 Sr 60; 1 43, 9 Y 96 Co 95 Zr 91 Ti 89 Sr 74 V 72 Ni 55; 2 13, 3 Zn 62 Mn 60 Pb 42 Cu 80 Zr 49 Y 30 Ti 29; Cr 86 Ni 60 Ag 30; Pb 49 Ag 78 Mn 51 Cu 14; Zn 60 Cr 38 Ba 46; 2 11, 8 Mn 81 Ba 70 Cu 69 Pb 28 Zn 32; Ni 66 Pb 55 Mn 34 V 53 Ba 47; Zn 42 Ag 38 Pb 52 Sr 50 Cr 35; 3 8, 11 4 7, 4 5 6, 3 3 10, 6 4 9, 6
Anatomic, morphological, biorhythmic and behavioral deviations
Taxation scales of necrosises and chlorosises Nicotiana Tabacum Tilia cordata Pinus sylvestris
n Chlorosises and necrosises forms
The result of influence of acid rains in Monchegorsk-region (Kola peninsula)
Ugly forms (terrates) of plants as a bioindicators of pollution
Ugly forms
Species diversity Russia plays a specific role in the maintenance of the Arctic ecosystems on the Earth and their specific biological diversity.
n About one third of the whole area of the Arctic Region is situated within the Russian sector. There are territories displaying the typical features of the Arctic zonal complexes of ecosystems.
Russia comprises about 80% of total species diversity of the Arctic Regions and about 90% of true Arctic species live in Russia.
Observed arctic vegetation dynamics (modified from Kaplan et al. , 2003 and Callaghan et al. , 2005).
Spatial distribution of trends of photosynthetic activity across the northern high latitudes from May to August 1981 through 2005. Significant positive trends in photosynthetic activity are shown in green, and negative trends are shown in rust.
Distribution of Russian terrestrial vegetation by land class and bio-climatic zone Bio-climatic zones Vegetated areas by major land classes (million ha) Total Including Species Amount of potential fuel composition of in forests (kg C/m 2) closed forestsc AGBb CWDb Litter Wetland G&Sh. La Forest Arctic desert and semidesert 0. 7 0. 0 - - 266. 9 62. 3 199. 0 3. 8 10 Ld 0. 93 0. 17 0. 35 Forest tundra, 233. 0 sparse taiga 64. 7 15. 5 141. 2 7 L 1 S 1 P 1 B 1. 78 0. 52 1. 58 Tundra Note: Abbreviations used in Table are: a – (land classes) G&Sh. L - grassland shrubs. b – (fractions of vegetation organic matter) AGB - above ground live biomass (phytomass), CWD-coarse woody debris (on-ground above-ground dead wood with the diameter at the small end >1 cm). c – (dominant tree species) L-larch, S-spruce, P-pine, B-birch, Cn-coniferous species, HD-hard deciduous species, SD - soft deciduous species. d – Coefficients of the species composition formulas indicate 0. 1 x. Percent of a species in the total growing stock volume by a zone.
Disturbance of vegetation
The vegetation is reliable indicator of environmental condition
Landscape after the fire
Disturbance of vegetation cover Desertification
Secondary phytocenoses n Festuca rubra L. , Deschampsia borealis (Trautv. ) Roshev. , Arctagrostis latifolia (R. Br. ) Greust. , Calamagrostis holmii
Disturbance of vegetation cover swamping of the territory
Secondary phytocenoses Rubus chamaemorus L. , Eryophorum brachyantherum Trautv. et Mey.
Vegetation Cover resistance to mechanical influence Type of stability Phytocoenosis Possible results of negative consequences Rather steady Phytocoenosis of river and lake coast, river plain, flood-plain, bottomland of a valley Marshiness strengthening Poorly steady Low bush-moss larch-tree forest, low bush-moss tundra Marshiness strengthening, Formation herbo cereals synusium on bared grounds Rather unstable Phytocoenosis low bush- mosslichnes forest-tundra and light forest, low bush-lichness tundra Activization of cryogenic processes, microrelief destruction Unstable Middle raised bog Marshiness strengthening, activization of cryogenic processes, destruction of raised bogs , permafrost degradation, occurrence of dangerous geological processes and the phenomena(DGPP) The most unstable Flat raised bog Marshiness strengthening, Activization of cryogenic processes, permafrost degradation, occurrence DGPP
Some information about the duration of primary and secondary succession of natural ecosystems in Russia (Тишков, 1994) Type of succession, ecosystem Duration of succession, years Region Primary succession Arctic tundra on marine shafts 3000 -3500 Islands of the Arctic Ocean Arctic tundra on moraines 1000 -1500 Islands and the coast of the Arctic Ocean Larch taiga on volcanic lavas 800 -1200 Kamchatka Peninsula Larch taiga on shingles 800 -1000 Kolyma Highlands Dark coniferous taiga of Picea ajanensis on volcanic lavas 150 -200 Kamchatka Peninsula Dark coniferous taiga of Picea abies on sandy soils 150 -200 Valdai Hills Oak forests on alluvial soils 300 -500 Valley of river Vorksla Steppe meadow on the river terraces 150 Terraces of Rivers Vorksla and Psyol
Secondary succession Arctic tundra on the dumps Subarctic tundra lichen after fire Subarctic tundra moss-lichen after fire 400 -500 Islands and the coast of the Arctic Ocean 20 -30 North of the Republic of Yakutia 80 Republic of Komi, Bol'shezemelskaja tundra Larch taiga of Larix dahurica on heaps of gold mining 350 -400 Kolyma Highlands Dark coniferous taiga of Picea abies, reservoir 120 -150 Valdai Hills Dark coniferous taiga of Picea abies after fire 150 Valdai Hills The oak forests of Quercus robur after felling 100 -200 Steppe cereals, fallow 35 -45 Moscow region Center of the Russian Plain
Northern ecological systems depend on permafrost conditions. Permafrost controls plant communities and biomass production through soil temperature, active layer thickness, moisture content, presence of unfrozen water, and surface hydrology.
The changes in the permafrost thermal regime and active layer thickness can affect plant diversity and biomass.
The thawing of the icerich permafrost within the boreal forest biome can lead to destruction of the substrate and major changes in ecosystems. In case of the "wet thermokarst" scenario of permafrost degradation, changes can result in replacement of the boreal forest with wetlands.
In case of "dry thermokarst", the borea forest ecosystems may be replaced by steppelike habitats.
n Long-term permafrost degradation (even without active thermokarst processes) will continuously improve conditions for the subsurface water drainage (especially in sandy soils) that will lead to increased dryness of soils, putting significant stress on vegetation.
n Improved drainage conditions will also lead to shrinkage of numerous ponds within the degrading permafrost area dramatically affecting aquatic ecosystems (Yoshikawa and Hinzman, 2003).
Timescale of ecological processes in relation to disturbances (shown as breaks in horizontal lines) in the Arctic. The scheme does not show responses caused by anthropogenic climate change.
n Most natural disturbances are directly or indirectly climatically driven and affected by climate changes, particularly in hydrologic regimes. The latter could be influenced by changes in either summer or winter precipitation patterns; increased temperature, which would melt ground ice; or changes in vegetation, which would affect evapotranspiration (the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere ) and run-off.
Most anthropogenic disturbances are microscale phenomena, but cumulative impacts associated with large developments, such as the large Oil Field, have affected mesoscale regions, and global warming could affect the tundra ecosystem at the macroscale level.
In the Arctic, recovery of the vegetation following disturbance is particularly closely linked to recovery of the physical system because of the presence of permafrost.
n Maps of terrain sensitivity to disturbance must consider the influence of ground ice and heat flux to the system following disturbance.
The impact of road-building on tundra hydrology and ecosystem structure.
Arctic landscapes are sensitive to geomorphic disturbances and communities once destroyed are difficult to restore
Secondary birch forest
Environmental protection "Gazprom". Environmental monitoring. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS n - 7. 3. 6 Among the basic partial indicators of the observed vegetation quality are : - Morphometric parameters (needle growth and length, leaf surface, etc. ); - Condition-indicators (stock of the biomass , products); - Structural indicators of a biomass (ratio of biomass : overground / underground alive / dead). .
Impact assessment of facilities and distribution of gas springs on vegetation determine: n Square of alienation territory for the construction; n Felling of forests, bushes; n Changes in the size of areas exposed to flooding, waterlogging, desiccation; - Changes in floristic diversity;
Changes in the number of main (dominant), as well as rare, endangered plant species, species listed in the Red Book; n Changes in the spread of areas and area ratio of different types of vegetation; n Changes in the boundaries of plant communities and other impact indicators. n
7. 3. 7 Among the basic partial indicators of the observed state of landscapes are n Areas prone to anthropogenic degradation, and indicators of biological diversity.
Impact assessment of facilities and gas distribution sources on landscapes identify : n The area of violations of existing forms of natural relief and micro-relief; n Changes in the parameters of surface runoff; n Changes in the physical and mechanical, chemical and biological properties of soils; n The area of deforestation, bush, other vegetation;
Changes in the conditions of natural runoff; n Changes in agricultural landscapes areas (pastures, hay meadows); n Other impact indicators. n
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