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Research & Academic Writing Research & Academic Writing

Research and critical examination of texts When you are researching it is important to Research and critical examination of texts When you are researching it is important to have a clear purpose. When you are working through your research, ask yourself: What do I know, what do I want to know? Which ‘box’ does this information fit into? What useful, relevant quotes are there? As soon as you find yourself going ‘off task’ STOP! What other research is referred to on the same theme/artist/ topic? Does it support or argue against this text? Check out reference lists at the back of books or end of articles.

Analysing a chapter, article or section of text As you read ask yourself: What Analysing a chapter, article or section of text As you read ask yourself: What are the main points made? Can you explain them in your own words? Is this fact or opinion? If it is fact where is it from? What evidence is used to support it? If opinion, what viewpoint has the writer taken? How could it be interpreted differently? What is the context of the text? What influences, movements, artists, opinions were prevalent at the time? How may they have relevance to this text?

Taking notes When taking notes from your texts, ask yourself: What are the bibliographical Taking notes When taking notes from your texts, ask yourself: What are the bibliographical details of this text (i. e. what have they used to support their argument)? What other references are suggested or used? Where could this ‘fit’ in my dissertation? What quotes, ideas, theories could I use? How can I annotate this to link with other notes?

Academic writing Academic writing

WHY ? When writing essays or dissertations at university, a certain academic style is WHY ? When writing essays or dissertations at university, a certain academic style is expected. It is a style that carries authority – independently of whether you are there to defend your argument. Of course, you will be at different levels of competence with this. It is a useful skill to be able to write in this style once you are at work.

HOW ? There are several elements or rules of academic writing. HOW ? There are several elements or rules of academic writing.

FORMAL/INFORMAL LANGUAGE Certain language should be avoided such as Slang, txt spk, conversational, abbreviated, FORMAL/INFORMAL LANGUAGE Certain language should be avoided such as Slang, txt spk, conversational, abbreviated, personal. Avoid such sentences as: ‘There’s hundreds of theories around about A. I ’ ‘Leonardo worked 24 -7 on his inventions, paintings Etc’ ‘At the end of the day, we all use loads of media ’ ‘If you express what you think, like with a costume or something, you bring your own special ideas to it, which clashes with what another person thinks about it’

FORMAL/INFORMAL Informal Do Find out Look into Bit, thing Proof Said, quoted Show FORMAL/INFORMAL Informal Do Find out Look into Bit, thing Proof Said, quoted Show

FORMAL/INFORMAL Informal Formal Do undertake, carry out Find out discover, Look into research, explore FORMAL/INFORMAL Informal Formal Do undertake, carry out Find out discover, Look into research, explore Bit, thing section, segment, area, field, artefact Proof supporting evidence Said stated, suggested Show illustrate, demonstrate

BE SPECIFIC State your point clearly and accurately without waffle or generalisations. ‘Quite a BE SPECIFIC State your point clearly and accurately without waffle or generalisations. ‘Quite a lot of all types of people around that time thought what Copernicus said about the Earth, planets, sun and so on was against what the church had said was the case for hundreds of years, so it’s a good job he died before he was sentenced to death! v What is wrong with this?

 BE SPECIFIC ‘Quite a lot of all types of people around that time BE SPECIFIC ‘Quite a lot of all types of people around that time thought what Copernicus said about the Earth, planets, sun and so on was against what the church had said was the case for hundreds of years, so it’s a good job he died before they tried to kill him! How many? Who? When? Exact theory? Church view? How many years? Informal, personal.

IMPERSONAL : UNEMOTIONAL Do not use the first person. ‘I looked at the research IMPERSONAL : UNEMOTIONAL Do not use the first person. ‘I looked at the research by P. Jones’ Use the passive form instead: ‘P. Jones’ research was examined’ ‘Research by P. Jones was investigated’

IMPERSONAL : UNEMOTIONAL In academic writing you should not make personal judgements or express IMPERSONAL : UNEMOTIONAL In academic writing you should not make personal judgements or express a personal view directly. ‘I think its terrible that children watch these movies! ‘Luckily the painting was saved from the fire!’ ‘This is a very bad example of her work!’

CAUTION! In academic writing, nothing should be stated as an absolute: ‘Charles Frederick Worth CAUTION! In academic writing, nothing should be stated as an absolute: ‘Charles Frederick Worth invented Fashion’ Instead, caution should be used: ‘Worth is seen as the founder of Haute Couture’

CAUTION! Phrases to use: It appears that, it seems that, it is widely accepted CAUTION! Phrases to use: It appears that, it seems that, it is widely accepted that, x claims that, there is a possibility, it could be presumed, the majority, the minority… Nothing tends to be stated as 100% fact.

SUMMARY Academic writing is… CAUTIOUS IMPERSONAL FORMAL SPECIFIC ORGANISED SUMMARY Academic writing is… CAUTIOUS IMPERSONAL FORMAL SPECIFIC ORGANISED

THE STRUCTURE OF A ESSAY THE STRUCTURE OF A ESSAY

INTRODUCTION Background, definitions, aim, point order. Context, brief bibliographical details, historical, social, economic context, INTRODUCTION Background, definitions, aim, point order. Context, brief bibliographical details, historical, social, economic context, relevant artefacts, exhibitions, other sources, research in the area. ‘In the 50 s advances in printing and production technology meant that wallpaper and textiles became more convenient and accessible for the consumer, thus resulting in an increase in supply to meet this new demand’

INTRODUCTION: definitions Define terms in the title according to how you will use or INTRODUCTION: definitions Define terms in the title according to how you will use or apply them in your essay. For example, if you were using the term hero, you could turn to the dictionary in your introduction. According to the O. E. D online a hero is defined as: ‘The principal male character in a novel, play. A man of exceptional courage, nobility. A man who is idealized for having superior qualities in any field’

INTRODUCTIONS : definitions Define key concepts and analytical methods that will be used in INTRODUCTIONS : definitions Define key concepts and analytical methods that will be used in your essay. ‘This essay will address the various ways in which voyeurism is used in ‘The Silence of the Lambs’ focusing on the conventional uses of the term, as outlined by Laura Mulvey. ’

INTRODUCTION: Aim State your goals without using ‘I’ Give a clear outline of what INTRODUCTION: Aim State your goals without using ‘I’ Give a clear outline of what can be expected by your reader. ‘This essay will compare Vivienne Westwood’s two collections: ‘Pirate’ Autumn/ winter 1981 -82 and ‘Harris Tweed’ Autumn/Winter 1987 -8’

INTRODUCTION: Points outline Once you have established WHAT you are going to do, set INTRODUCTION: Points outline Once you have established WHAT you are going to do, set out HOW it will be done. Establish the writer, subject, designers etc. you will focus on and the order in which your points will be raised: ‘Several aspects of pattern cutting in fashion will be discussed. Initially the tradition that existed in society as a result of two world wars will be outlined…’ ‘This will lead to the main focus of the essay: the discussion of the importance of intertextuality’

MAIN BODY Organisation Deal with the points in the order you said you would MAIN BODY Organisation Deal with the points in the order you said you would in the introduction Lead your reader through the essay New point=new paragraph Support your points with evidence and examples Focus Each point must be relevant to the title. Do not waffle or go off at a tangent

Main Body : Quotes Quoting language: According to Smith ‘semiotics can be defined as… Main Body : Quotes Quoting language: According to Smith ‘semiotics can be defined as… ‘ Jones defined semiotics as… ‘ In her article ‘Fashion Theory’ Brown referred to Smith as… ‘ Brown’s opinion of Tom Ford can be seen in the following analysis… ‘

Main Body: Quotations In an academic piece of writing, whenever you use the ideas, Main Body: Quotations In an academic piece of writing, whenever you use the ideas, images or words of another author, you must acknowledge them. Failure to do this can result in an accusation of PLAGIARISM which is taken very seriously at UH.

Main Body: References • In all references, you will need to list the author Main Body: References • In all references, you will need to list the author name(s), the year of publication and (if from a book, magazine or newspaper) the page number. • The year of publication can be found on the first couple of pages of the book, along with the other bibliographic information. Look for the author’s name, a copyright symbol and then a date. • In most references you will also need to list the page number/s where you found the specific information. The only type of reference where this is not required is when you paraphrase a summary of an entire piece of work.

Main Body: Referencing – Books/Journals Direct quote from a book or journal article with Main Body: Referencing – Books/Journals Direct quote from a book or journal article with one author: When speaking of fashion design, Smith (1988: 51) states that ‘the aim of any collection is to create an ideal the consumer can connect with’. OR For the young design ‘the aim of any collection is to create an ideal the consumer can connect with’. (Smith, 1988: 51). In these examples, ‘Smith’ is the author, ‘ 1988’ is the year of publication and ‘ 51’ is the page number where the direct quote can be found.

Main Body: Referencing – Books Journals Direct quote from a book or journal article Main Body: Referencing – Books Journals Direct quote from a book or journal article with two authors Mc. Carthy and Hatcher (1996: 69 -70) insist that with presentations ‘structure must be clear and precise’. OR With presentations, ‘structure must be clear and precise’ (Mc. Carthy and Hatcher, 1996: 69 -70). In these examples, the quote went over two pages therefore the page numbers were represented as 69 -70, rather than as a single number. Also notice from the examples so far, that when the quote ends the sentence, the full stop comes after the inverted comma.

Main Body: Referencing – Books/Journals Direct quote from a book or journal article with Main Body: Referencing – Books/Journals Direct quote from a book or journal article with more than three authors Morris et al (2000: 47) state that ‘the debate of these particular issues should be left to representative committees’. Note: ‘et al’ means ‘and others’.

Main Body: Referencing – Paraphrasing Quotes To paraphrase means: A restatement of a text Main Body: Referencing – Paraphrasing Quotes To paraphrase means: A restatement of a text or passage in another form or other words, often to clarify meaning. When you paraphrase, it will look much the same as the direct quotation examples, but without the inverted commas. For example, if we paraphrased an example from the Mc. Carthy and Hatcher book, it would look like this: By improving your posture you can improve how you communicate feelings of power and confidence (Mc. Carthy and Hatcher, 1996: 111). When paraphrasing, use the same referencing style and conventions as you would for direct quotes, but with the material from the source put into your own words, and the inverted commas omitted. Below is another comparative example of the direct quote versus paraphrasing.

Main Body: Referencing – Paraphrasing Quote Here is another comparative example of the direct Main Body: Referencing – Paraphrasing Quote Here is another comparative example of the direct quote versus paraphrasing. QUOTE The Arts Council (2010: 8) suggest that each year ‘some have estimated the cost to the country of high tuition fees and student debt is a reduce in the numbers of people going into education’. OR – PARAPHRASE The effect of high tuition and rising debt could be reducing the numbers of people going into education (Arts Council, 2010: 8).

Main Body: Referencing - Examples Sometimes the author you are quoting from will quote Main Body: Referencing - Examples Sometimes the author you are quoting from will quote another author to support his or her argument, much in the same way that you do when writing assignments. Sometimes you want to use the same quote that the author of the source has used. When you do this, use this format: Eisenberg and Smith (in Wells, 1986: 85) agree that ‘it is hard to assign general meaning to any isolated piece of clothing’. In the case above, Wells in his 1986 publication has quoted Eisenberg’s and Smith’s research to prove a point he was making about fashion.

Main Body: Referencing - Examples If the author of a source is anonymous, replace Main Body: Referencing - Examples If the author of a source is anonymous, replace the author’s surname with the title of the work in the brackets containing the reference: The materials used in lace making ‘have been transported to almost every corner of the globe since colonial times’ (Fashion and Lace: A History, 1942: 8).

Main Body: Referencing - Examples Reference newspaper and magazine articles in the same way Main Body: Referencing - Examples Reference newspaper and magazine articles in the same way you would for other books and journals. If there is no author (anonymous) then you would just include the article title, year and page number. The Guardian reported that University of Hertfordshire students often leave their courses with a 1 st Class Degree (‘Learning Lessons’, 1996: 21).

ain Body: Referencing – Lectures/interviews/discussion Sometimes you may wish to use material from lectures, ain Body: Referencing – Lectures/interviews/discussion Sometimes you may wish to use material from lectures, discussions, or interviews. Use the following conventions to ensure that your referencing is correct Mr P Rogers, Managing Director of Fashion Inc, stated in an interview on 5 September 2000 that ‘customers were increasingly asking for traditional methods and materials to be used in clothing projects’. Kerry William Purcell stated in his lecture on 5 September 2010 that the best students work on their dissertations everyday.

Main Body: Referencing - Internet • Electronic sources such as WWW pages, electronic databases Main Body: Referencing - Internet • Electronic sources such as WWW pages, electronic databases and electronic journals are cited in the text in much the same way as traditional print sources, with the exception of page numbers. • • The author’s name is followed by a publication date, but no page numbers are listed. • If no publication date is available, and this might be the case for WWW pages, then where the date should go, insert (n. d. ) which stands for ‘no date’. • If no author is listed for an electronic source, use the title of the publication in the same way as you would for any other anonymous source.

Main Body: Signposting language Adding more supporting evidence In addition, additionally, further evidence, similarly Main Body: Signposting language Adding more supporting evidence In addition, additionally, further evidence, similarly Putting forward an opposite viewpoint Alternatively, in contrast, an opposing view, however, conversely, yet Showing an effect Consequently, as a result, moreover

CONCLUSION Signposting Clearly signal that you will finish ‘In conclusion…’ ‘To conclude…’ ‘As discussed CONCLUSION Signposting Clearly signal that you will finish ‘In conclusion…’ ‘To conclude…’ ‘As discussed above, there are many arguments for……’ Tie up the ends Link back to how you introduced you topic and draw together all the points you made in the main body

CONCLUSION Explain the overall significance of the conclusions you have drawn and show they CONCLUSION Explain the overall significance of the conclusions you have drawn and show they ‘answer’ the title. Do not add any new points at this stage. Finish with a relevant quote if you like. Or a concluding statement that ‘answers’ the questions in the title.

Conclusion example ‘Based on the findings of the case study, it seems that sustainability Conclusion example ‘Based on the findings of the case study, it seems that sustainability is financially viable, therefore more businesses should be able to follow this approach. As sustainable living is becoming more popular and fashionable it may develop and grow in the future. ’

BIBLIOGRAPHY List all the sources you used in the process of your research. BIBLIOGRAPHY List all the sources you used in the process of your research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Book with one author Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save BIBLIOGRAPHY Book with one author Adair, J. (1988) Effective time management: How to save time and spend it wisely, London: Pan Books. Book with two authors Mc. Carthy, P. and Hatcher, C. (1996) Speaking persuasively: Making the most of your presentations, Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Book with an editor Danaher, P. (ed. ) (1998) Beyond the ferris wheel, Rockhampton: CQU Press. If you have used a chapter in a book written by someone other than the editor Byrne, J. (1995) ‘Disabilities in tertiary education’, in Rowan, L. and Mc. Namee, J. (ed. ) Voices of a Margin, Rockhampton: CQU Press. Books with an anonymous or unknown author The University Encyclopedia (1985) London: Roydon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Journal article Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual BIBLIOGRAPHY Journal article Muller, V. (1994) ‘Trapped in the body: Transsexualism, the law, sexual identity’, The Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 3, August, pp. 103 -107. Internet Article Young, C. (2001) English Heritage position statement on the Valletta Convention, [Online], Available: http: //www. archaeol. freeuk. com/EHPostion. Statement. htm [24 Aug 2001].

ILLUSTRATIONS Illustrations can be included throughout the text of your essay. They should have ILLUSTRATIONS Illustrations can be included throughout the text of your essay. They should have captions. You need to include a list of illustrations after your contents page.

Checking Read it aloud to make sure it ‘flows’. Get a friend to look Checking Read it aloud to make sure it ‘flows’. Get a friend to look at it for you: can they follow it? Make sure you have spell-checked it Have you referenced everything? Have you done what you said you would in the title? Included paragraphs with clear signposting? Can you see a clear structure? Have you satisfied all the brief and marking criteria?

Time management You have to organise yourself to fit in course assignments, social life, Time management You have to organise yourself to fit in course assignments, social life, family, part-time jobs, girl/boyfriend, childcare, etc. You have to make the right choices with your time. You have to have a clear idea of you timetable and deadlines.

Editing your final draft General Suitable introduction and conclusion Spelling, grammar, punctuation References, foot Editing your final draft General Suitable introduction and conclusion Spelling, grammar, punctuation References, foot notes, bibliography, page numbers, word count, front sheet Application of advice and feedback from previous work.

Editing: Content and Argument The essay answers the questions set in the title. The Editing: Content and Argument The essay answers the questions set in the title. The most important points have been given weighting. All points made are relevant. It is easy to follow your line of argument. You have supported main points with evidence. You have not given a personal viewpoint-unless asked.

Editing: Structure You have presented the text as set out in brief and handbook. Editing: Structure You have presented the text as set out in brief and handbook. Each paragraph is well structured Your points are presented in the order you set out in the introduction Ideas are linked throughout; Although, Alternatively, However, Additionally

Editing: Style You have not used slang, abbreviations, ‘ I’ personal opinion, tangents, chatty Editing: Style You have not used slang, abbreviations, ‘ I’ personal opinion, tangents, chatty language, questions, repetition. You have defined subject specific language and used it correctly. You have referenced ALL words and ideas of others.

Deadline Deadline

Good Luck! Good Luck!