Protein Chemistry Amino acid classification 1 Non-polar

Protein Chemistry

Amino acid classification 1. Non-polar (hydrophobic) 2. Polar (hydrophilic)

3. Aromatic (mainly non-polar) 4. Negatively charged

5. Positively charged

Amino acid derivatives Hydroxylysine Hydroxyproine 3, 5 -diiodotyrosine

Acid-base properties of amino acids

Primary structure of proteins

The determination of the primary structure Reagent Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) Hydroxilamine N-bromosuccinimide Pepsin Trypsin Chymotrypsin Amino acid residues Met Asp Gly Trp Phe, Tyr, Glu Arg, Lis Trp, Tyr, Phe

The secondary structure of proteins -helix β-pleated sheet

The tertiary structure of myoglobin

Types of bonds

Chaperone

The participation of chaperones in protein folding

The globular domains in g-crystallin (protein of human’s eye lens) a random coil

The quaternary structure of hemoglobin β-chain α-chain heme

Fumarate inner mitochondrial membrane Succinate matrix intermembrane space I, III and IV – mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (the electron transport chain)

LDH isozymes LDG 1 LDG 4 LDG 2 LDG 5 LDG 3

Electrophoresis LDG 1 LDG 2 LDG 3 LDG 4 LDG 5 heart liver kidney muscle

Classification of proteins Simple proteins

Albumins and globulins Serum albumin Cashew globulin - a powerful allergen

Hystones and DNA

Prolamin

Conjugative proteins

Heme structure

Hemoglobin

Attaching oxygen to hemoglobin

Sickle cell anemia Normal Hb 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thr Pro Glu Lys Ala Sickle cell Hb Thr Pro Val Glu Lys Ala

Sickle cell anemia

Abnormal hemoglobins Type Composition С D Н 2 2 4 Norm Replacement Gly 6 in Lis Ley 28 in Gly

Myoglobin

Flavoproteins FAD FMN

Lipoprotein structure

Covalent bond formation in phosphoprotein

Ionic bond formation in phosphoprotein

Glycoproteins Terminal carbohydrate N-acetylgalactosamine fucose sialic acid

Bond formation in glycoproteins Serine residue

The structure of immunoglobulin

Metalloproteins Apoferritin Ferritin

Metalloproteins Transferrin Linking site in transferrin

Metalloenzyme Cytochromoxidase

Nucleoproteins Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Nuclear Messenger Cytoplasmic Transport Ribosomal Catalitic

Nucleoside monophosphate N-glycosidic linkage

Minor nucleosides dihydrouridine N-methylguanosine pseudouridine

Cyclic nucleotides Adenylate cyclase ATP c. AMP

DNA polynucleotide chain structure B B B │ │ │ − S − P − S −

Chargaff’s rules A = T, G = C A + G = C + T A + C = G + T (G + C) / (A + T) = 0, 54 - 0, 94 (in animals) (G + C) / (A + T) = 0, 45 -2, 57 (in microorganisms)

DNA model

Complementary DNA strands

Stacking interaction

The intensity of stacking Purine – Purine Pyrimidine – Pyrimidine

А-DNA

В-DNA

Cloverleaf model CCA-3' of the acceptor stem TPsi. C-loop D-loop anticodon variable loop

t. RNA: L-shaped

Three-dimensional DNA model

Ribosome model

The compaction of DNA kernel of 8 histone molecules Histone H 1 DNA solenoid

Leucine "zipper"

α-helix - turn - α-helix DNA double strand Two α-helixes of DNA-binding protein

"Zinc finger"