Protein and amino acid metabolism
Protein-rich products
Proteases Serine proteases Cysteine proteases Aspartic proteases Metalloproteases Treonine proteases Glutamic proteases
Active site of tripsin Active site of chymotripsin
HCL secretion
Pepsine activation
Trypsinogen activation
Activation of intestinal proteases
The selectivity of peptidases Enzyme Splittable peptide bonds Pepsin phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamic acid Trypsin Chymotrypsin lysine, arginine Elastase alanine, serine, glycine Carboxypeptidase A alanine, leucine, valine Carboxypeptidase В lysine, arginine tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine
Catalytic cycle of GGT
Conversion of amino acids under the action of intestinal microflora
Proteolysis in tissues
Avram Hershko, Aaron Ciechanover and Irwin Rose Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004
Amino acid absorption
The reactions of amino group Reductive deamination Hydrolytic deamination Intramolecular deamination histidine urocanic acid
Oxidative deamination
Transamination
Evaluation of transaminase activity Alanine + α-ketoglutarate pyruvate + glutamate
Transaminases in human tissues (U/g protein) Tissues Heart Liver Cerebral cortex Skeletal muscle Pancreas AST 1166 612 1230 357 86 ALT 66 358 8 33 20
АSТ de Ritis ratio = АLТ Myocardial infarction DRr 1, 3 Viral hepatitis DRr 1
Decarboxylation
thiamine pyrophosphate
Decarboxylation glutamic acid -aminobutyric acid
Oxidative deamination of biogenic amines R-CH 2 -NH 2 + E-FAD + H 2 O R-CHO + NH 3 + E-FAD H 2 + O 2 E-FADH 2 + H 2 O 2
Urea cycle. Reactions 1, 2 NH 3 + CO 2 +2 ATP + H 2 O Carbamoylphosphate synthetase H 2 N-CO-OPO 3 H 2 + 2 ADP + H 3 PO 4 Ornithine transcarbamoilase
Urea cycle. Reaction 3 Argininosuccinate synthetase
Urea cycle. Reaction 4 Argininosuccinase
Urea cycle. Reaction 5
Regulation of Urea cycle
Kwashiorkor
Hereditary disorders of Urea cycle Disease Enzyme Mode of Blood Clinical inheritanc metabolit presentations e es Hyperamm Carbamoyl Autosom Coma, and onemia, phosphate al death within 24 type I I recessive -48 hours after birth Глн Ала NH 3 Hyperamm Ornithine X-linked onemia, carbamoyltype II transferas e Глн Ала NH 3 Hypotension, reduced tolerance to proteins
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