Problem Solving of Motor Transport Nazarenko Yaroslav

introduction Transport represents one of the most important human activities in the world. It is multidimensional and its importance is historical, social, political, environmental and economic. In summary, • transport has aided the development and defence of many civilisations; • transport supports and shapes social structures; • through government, transport is invested in and regulated; • transport pollutes; • transport both shapes and is shaped by economic activity.

road transport • Among the G 20 members, reliance on cars for passenger transport was highest in Australia, the EU, Japan, the United States and Canada – all of which had more than 400 cars for every 1 000 inhabitants. • The lowest ratios were recorded in Indonesia, China and India.

road transport • Worldwide, the ratio of passenger cars to population increased from 110 cars per 1 000 inhabitants in 2004 to 125 per 1 000 inhabitants in 2009. • The amount of road freight transport was particularly high in Australia relative to the size of its population. • Comparing 2004 with 2009, the most notable development was the increase in the amount of Chinese road freight • The quantity of freight transported by road in Japan and Turkey was approximately 16 times as high as that transported by rail; in the EU the level of road freight transport was about 4. 5 times as high as rail freight transport

• Number of vehicles in the world by the beginning of the XXI century made 800 million pieces, from which – 83 -85% - cars, – 15 -17% trucks and buses. If tendencies of growth of release of vehicles remain invariable, by 2015 the number of cars can grow to 1, 5 billion piece

urban transportation • Traffic congestion and parking difficulties • Longer commuting • Public transport inadequacy • Loss of public space • Environmental impacts and energy consumption • Accidents and safety • Land consumption • Freight distribution

• It goes without saying that motor cars are very common and wide spread in our society • As a result, they are inevitably going to have a strong influence on our society’s sustainability through energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and unintended social impact

climate change • • • Transport industry release several million tons of gases each year into the atmosphere: lead (Pb), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrogen oxides (NOx), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), benzene, heavy metals (zinc, chrome, copper and cadmium), particulate matters (ash, dust).

carbon monoxide (carbon oxide) and the oxides of nitrogen

sulphurous gas effect on the person at genetic level, leads to infertility, various pathologies and congenital deviations, and in aggregate these factors lead to emergence of stresses, nervous diseases, a depression, to indifference to close people

• In the large cities diseases of systems of blood circulation and breath, and also strokes, heart attacks, a hypertension and oncology are also often observed. • Share of motor transport in pollution of the atmosphere makes to 90% on oxides of carbon and 70% on nitrogen oxides. • Vehicles pollute also soil and air heavy metals and other harmful substances

atmospheric air emissions

noise • Noise represents the general effect of irregular and chaotic sounds. • Transport noise emanating from the movement of transport vehicles affects human health, through an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

• Transport activities have an impact on hydrological conditions. Fuel, chemical and other hazardous particulates can contaminate rivers, lakes, wetlands and oceans. • Waste cause serious environmental problems, since they can contain a very high level of bacteria that can be hazardous for public health as well as marine ecosystems when discharged in waters. • Various types of garbage containing metals and plastic are not easily biodegradable. Water quality

soil quality The environmental impact of transportation on soil consists of : • soil erosion and soil contamination; • removal of earth’s surface for highway construction; • fuel and oil spills enter the soil; • hazardous materials and heavy metals.

Transportation also influences natural vegetation: ü deforestation ü draining land (drivingout water plant species) ü produced changes in plants with the introduction of new species ü many animal species are becoming extinct as a result of changes in their natural habitats biodiversity

Problem Solving In the developed countries for decrease in transport noise resort to such measures: ü ensuring uniform and free movement; ü decrease in intensity of movement and prohibition of movement of cargo transport at night; ü transfer of transit highways and roads for cargo movement from residential zones; ü creation of noise-protective constructions and green plantings; ü creation in the roadside territory of protective strips; ü creation of transparent protective noise screens.

Problem Solving • The perspective direction of increase of level of ecological safety of the motor transport are: are v the complex assessment and improvement of infrastructure of city mobile systems taking into account ekology-hygienic requirements to all possible dangerous factors, v the capacity of streets, v a condition of the corresponding fleet of vehicles and parkings, v the organization and traffic improvement within a year, v noise level reduction etc.

Importance for ecological safety of motor transport Problem Solving • • • introduction of the normative documents limiting application of separate types of fuel, introduction of requirements to decrease in oxides of carbon, nitrogen and hydrocarbons, carrying out scientific researches of operation of diesel engines, increase of the sphere of use of alternative types of fuel, in particular natural gas and alcohol, develop hydrogen fuel elements which are the only power source, doesn't pollute environment

Thank you for attention!!!!