PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN PSYCHIC Lecturer: professor Ivnev B. B.
BASIC PROCESSES OF HUMAN HIGHER NERVES ACTIVITY TYPES (by I. P. Pavlov) 1. Force of excitation and inhibition processes; 2. Composure of excitation and inhibition processes; 3. Alternation of excitation with inhibition.
Types of higher nerves activity by Hippocrat and Pavlov Sanguinic quick, impulsive, and relatively shortlived reactions. (hot/wet) Phlegmatic a longer response-delay, but shortlived response. (cold/wet) Choleric short response time-delay, but response sustained for a relatively long time. (hot/dry) Melancholic (Also called "Melancholy") long response time-delay, response sustained at length, if not, seemingly, permanently. (cold/dry)
Тypes of temperaments (by H. Bidstrup, 1968)
Psychic – is a property of the brain, which realized through functional systems of the brain, forming in human during life. FUNCTIONS OF PSYCHIC 1. Perception of the world around us 2. Regulation of behavior
THE TYPES OF HUMAN PSYCHIC EXPRESSION 1. Processes (Learning, memory, speech, emotions) 2. Condition (interests, motivation, depression) 3. Individual properties (temperament, character, aptitude)
Learning - is concerned with establishing a store of information that can be used to guide future behavior
The various kinds of learning 1. Simple learning (stimulus-depending) A. Habituation B. Sensitisation. 2. Associative learning A. Classical conditioned reflex B. Operant conditioning Complex learning A. Imprinting. B. Latent learning C. Observational learning
Habituation
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (1903 -1989 years) He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize. He rediscovered the principle of imprinting in animals» Goslings after fixed action pattern following for «mother» — К. Lorenz.
OPERANT CONDITIONING (Skinner box) (unconditionig stimulus arose only after specific behavior – press on the lever –trainig of animals) The animal presses a lever and receives food. The rat doesn't understand in the beginning it. But after several repetitions - presses when it is hungry.
Vulture try to fling a stone for brake the egg. [Foto J. M. Pearson)
Bird use thorn for finding of the food. (Foto Alan Root, Survival Anglia, Oxford Scientific Films Limited)
USING OF DIFFERENTS SUBGECTS FOR TASK SOLVING
LATENT LEARNING
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
MEMORY –is a form of psychic, which provide an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and using it’s in future. GENETIC MEMORY – is a basis of unconditioned reflexes. PHENOTIPIC MEMORY – provide store and using information, which organism got during life - is a basis of conditioned reflexes.
TYPES OF MEMORY
КIM PEEK – had a photographic or eidetic memory Kim Peek. He reads the page in 8 -10 seconds and remembers it by heart. In his memory of 9 thousand books. His brain without corpus callosum. His cerebellum has deformation. Kim - a prototype of the main character of the movie "Rain man"
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HIPPOCAMP AND ASSOCIATIVE AREAS OF NEOCORTEX
ACTIVATION OF VISUAL CORTEX DURING PERCEPTION AND IMAGERY OF VISUAL STIMULUS
THE WAYS OF SYNAPSE EFFECTIVITY INCREASING
PROCESSES, WHICH PROVIDE CONSOLIDATION OF THE MEMORY
Arvid Carlsson (Sweden) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 2000, along with co-recipients Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard USA) for discovered of «slow synaptic transmitting» –mechanism of long-term memory.
EMOTION – is a specific psychic condition, which reflect person’s subjective reaction on stimulus. .
THE THEORY OF ENOTION (REQUIREMENT AND INFORMATION) BY P. SIMONOV Emotion - is human’s brain reflection anything actual requirement and possibility of it’s satisfaction. E(R) = In – Ia E-emotion, R- requirement, In – information about necessary resources, Ia – information about available resources. In < Ia – positive emotions In > Ia – negative emotions
EMOTIONS IN DIFFERENT HUMAN’S CULTURES Definition of a type of emotions by representatives of various cultures. Photos with expression of emotional reaction showed persons during experiment.
FUNCTIONS OF SPEECH 1. Communicative. 2. Regulative. 3. Programmed.
Scientists, whose discovered speech centres of the brain
SPEECH AREAS (BROCA’S AND WERNICKE’S)
TYPES OF APHASIAS
Two Types Of Written Language in Japan And China Language
Activation of temporal area under stimulus by words with different significant (Damasio et al. , 1996)
Roger Wolcott Sperry 1913 -1994 together with David Hunter and Torsten Nils, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work with split-brain research
THE WAYS OF VISUAL INFORMATION CONDUCTION IN NORMAL BRAIN AND SPLIT-BRAIN
THE EXPERIMENT WITH SPLIT-BRAIN (R. SPERRY, 1981 )
Perception: Integrity, Structure and Selectivity
Вольфом Зингером в конце 80 -х гг. (1989 г. ) показано, что нейроны зрительной коры, удаленные друг от друга и отвечающие за разные участки зрительного поля, синхронизировались друг с другом в том случае, если соответствующие участки зрительного поля представляли собой единый объект
CONSCIOUSNESS – combination of cognitive manipulations, concerned with subjective reaction of the person on thoughts, feelings, impressions and possibility to deliver its through speech, actions and creative work to other humans.
Modern theories of Consciousness (theories by К. Coch, S. Greenfield)
Сognition – specific condition of the Brain (reactivity level of the brain).
The ways of cognition changes after coma
The level of brain functioning in different conditions
Снижение метаболической активности префронтальной и теменной коры у пациентов в бессознательном (вегетативном) состоянии. Эта дисфункция может быть результатом повреждения коры или нарушения связей (красные стрелки) между корой и таламусом. Вероятно, эти связи критически необходимы для самоосознания
Активация моторной области коры у здорового человека и пациента при переходе из «вегетативного» в минимальное состояние сознания
ФУНКЦИИ СОЗНАНИЯ 1. Отражательная. 2. Порождающая (творческая) 3. Регуляторно-оценочная. 4. Рефлексивная.
Реакция на зеркало у детеныша шимпанзе и ребенка (из работы Н. Н. Ладыгиной-Котс).
Шимпанзе имитирует свое изображение на фотоснимке
The most ancient rock paintings known to us (images of lions, cave Shov, France, 35 000 years ago); bone flute (Isturits, France, 28 000 years ago)
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКОГО АКТА ПО П. К. АНОХИНУ
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