Of the Kazakh National Medical University named after

Of the Kazakh National Medical University named after S. D. Asfendiyarov Казахский Национальный Медицинский Университет Имени С. Д. Асфендиярова Department: English Language Self-study student Topic: Orthodontics Prepared: Abzhapbar S. B. Group: St 206 -1 p. Noted: Biktasheva G. M.

Contents • • Orthodontics Methods Diagnosis and treatment planning Training – – – United States of America Europe Canada India Iran Bangladesh • References

Orthodontics • Orthodontics, formerly orthodontia (from Greek orthos "straight or proper or perfect"; and odous "tooth") is the first specialty of dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of malocclusions (improper bites), which may be a result of tooth irregularity, disproportionate jawrelationships, or both. Orthodontic treatment can focus on dental displacement only, or can deal with the control and modification of facial growth. In the latter case it is better defined as "dentofacial orthopaedics". Orthodontic treatment can be carried out for purely aesthetic reasons with regards to improving the general appearance of patients' teeth. However, there are orthodontists who work on reconstructing the entire face rather than focusing exclusively on teeth.

• The use of digital models in orthodontics is rapidly increasing as the industry undergoes analog to digital conversions in record keeping. The University of Minnesota recently developed Three Dimensional Dental Models for Computer Automated Treatment Simulation that can be used to reduce the amount of human input needed for orthodontic treatment planning. This software tool has the ability to automatically segment teeth from one another and the gums. Digital laboratories are currently being used by many orthodontists, but can be very expensive. This software provides an efficient and cost-effective method for completing the segmentation process.

Methods • Additional components—including removable appliances ("plates"), headgear, expansion appliances, and many other devices—may also be used to move teeth and jaw bones. Functional appliances, for example, are used in growing patients (age 5 to 14) with the aim of modifying the jaw dimensions and relationship if these are altered. This therapy, termed Dentofacial Orthopedics, is frequently followed by fixed multibracket therapy ("full braces") to align the teeth and refine the occlusion. • Hawley retainers are the most common type of retainers. This picture shows retainers for the top and bottom of the mouth.

• Orthodontics is the study of dentistry that is concerned with the treatment of improper bites, and crooked teeth. Orthodontic treatment can help fix the patient's teeth and set them in the right place. Orthodontists usually use braces and retainers to set the patient's teeth. There are, however, orthodontists who work on reconstructing the entire face rather than focusing exclusively on teeth. After a course of active orthodontic treatment, patients will typically wear retainers, which maintain the teeth in their improved positions while surrounding bone reforms around them. The retainers are generally worn full-time for a period, anywhere from just a few days to a year, then part-time (typically, nightly during sleep) for as long as the orthodontist recommends. It is possible for the teeth to stay aligned without regular retainer wear. However, there are many reasons teeth will crowd as a person ages, whether or not the individual ever experienced orthodontic treatment; thus there is no guarantee that teeth will stay aligned without retention. For this reason, many orthodontists prescribe night-time or part-time retainer wear for many years after orthodontic treatment (potentially for life). Adult orthodontic patients are more likely to need lifetime retention.

Diagnosis and treatment planning • In diagnosis and treatment planning, the orthodontist must (1) recognize the various characteristics of a malocclusion or dentofacial deformity; (2) define the nature of the problem, including the etiology if possible; (3) design a treatment strategy based on the specific needs and desires of the individual; and (4) present the treatment strategy to the patient in such a way that the patient fully understands the ramifications of his/her decision. • The New York Times has recently written that orthodontists are using Cone Beam CT too much in the diagnosis and treatment of orthodontic patients, leading to an unnecessary increased risk of cancer.

Training • Orthodontics was the first recognized specialty field within dentistry. Many countries have their own systems for training and registering orthodontic specialists. A two- to four-year period of full-time postgraduate study is required for a dentist to qualify as an orthodontist.

United States of America • • In order to be enrolled as a student or a resident in Advanced Education in Orthodontics approved by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA), the dentist must have graduated with a DDS, DMD, BDS or equivalent. In the U. S. , the orthodontics residency duration lasts between 24 – 48 months long. The orthodontic residency typically award Certificate (non-degree), a Master of Science degree, or Doctor of Science degree, depending on its research requirements. The class size, tuition, stipend and number of patients seen and treated will all depend on the location of the program (hospital vs. university). Each training program has its own goals and treatment philosophy, however, most U. S. orthodontic programs focus on fixed straight wire appliances. All the graduates must also complete the written portion of the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) examinations. In order to become a Board Certified orthodontist, the practicing orthodontist must present six cases that have been treated entirely by the orthodontist to the ABO examiners. Once certified, the certificate is renewed every 10 years and the practitioner can add the title "Diplomate, American Board of Orthodontics".

• Similar to the ABO, the Canadian orthodontic specialist can take a two-part examinations (Written NDSE and Oral NDSE) offered by the Royal College of Dentists of Canada (RCDC) in their final year of the orthodontics training. Upon completion of the examinations, the orthodontist is admitted to the RCDC as a Fellow and can add the following title, FRCD(C). • Job outlook as a recent U. S. orthodontic graduates depend on the location of employment. Typically, more popular destinations (such as California, NYC, Seattle, Las Vegas and Texas) are heavily saturated with orthodontists. Traditional, practice transition situations (new orthodontist buying out the seller orthodontist) are becoming rare as the orthodontic market has been saturated with new and old practitioners, general dentists performing orthodontics, corporate clinics and older orthodontists delaying retirement.

Europe • In the United Kingdom, this training period lasts three years, after completion of a membership from a Royal College. A further two years is then completed to train to consultant level, after which a fellowship examination from the Royal College is sat. In other parts of Europe, a similar pattern is followed. It is always worth contacting the professional body responsible for registering orthodontists to ensure that the orthodontist you wish to consult is a recognised specialist

Canada • A number of dental schools and hospitals offer advanced education in the specialty of Orthodontics to dentists seeking postgraduate education. The courses range from two to three years (with the majority being 3 years) of full-time classes in theoretical and practical aspects of orthodontics together with clinical experience. Generally, admission is based on an application process followed by an extensive interviewing process by the institution, in order to select the best candidates. Candidates usually have to contact the individual school directly for the application process

India • In India, many dental colleges affiliated to universities offer orthodontics as specialization in Master of Dental Surgery (M. D. S) programme. The minimum qualification for M. D. S is Bachelor of Dental Surgery ( B. D. S ). The present course for MDS in Orthodontics stands at 3 years in all dental colleges in India which are recognised by the Dental Council of India. • The Indian Orthodontic Society was established in 1965.

Iran • In Iran, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics is known as a specialty since 1978 and general dentists after participating in a comprehensive national exam (which is held once a year) and fulfill good rankings among all participants, can begin their postgraduate course. After three years of postgraduate academic training, students participate in a national board exam for final evaluation and finally if they can reach the determined scores, they will be recognized as specialist orthodontists. Iranian Association of Orthodontists (IAO) is established in 1978 and has been contributed in several national and international congresses since its establishment

Bangladesh • In Bangladesh to be enrolled as a student or resident in post-graduation Orthodontic course approve by Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BM&DC), the dentist must be graduated with BDS or equivalent. At present BM&DC recognized program in Orthodontics is FCPS that is awarded by Bangladesh college of Physician and Surgeons(BCPS). Bangladesh Orthodontic Society (BOS) is formed in 1993.

References • Favreau, Annie. "Orthodontics Treatments Using Three Dimensional Model Simulation". Regents of the University of Minnesota. Retrieved 2011 -09 -18. • Braces and Orthodontics. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 2, 2010, from ADA: American Dental Association: http: //www. ada. org/3061. aspx • T. M. Graber, R. L. Vanarsdall, Orthodontics, Current Principles and Techniques, "Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Orthodontics", D. M. Sarver, W. R. Proffit, J. L. Ackerman, Mosby, 2000 • Bogdanich, Walt (22 November 2010). "Radiation Worries for Children in Dentists' Chairs". The New York Times.