Morpheme Made by Ershov Vadim What Is

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Morpheme Made by Ershov Vadim

What Is a Word? A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.

n Specially, Language presents itself as a hierarchy in different aspects. As is shown in the following hierarchical rank scale, language rises form morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top in terms of lexicography.

Morpheme n What is a morpheme? The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

n n n What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes: One morpheme---nation Two morphemes---nation-al Three morphemes---nation-al-ize Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-ization

n So we can define morpheme in this way: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. ■A morpheme is a two-facet language unit in that it manages both sound and meaning.

A morpheme and A word Morphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. They can not be used independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme. That is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit.

Classification of Morpheme

Classification of Morpheme Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, in the traditional sense. e. g. man, faith, read, write, red

Bound morphemes- morphemes that can not occur as separate words. It can not stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning or grammatical meaning. e. g. -ly , re- , -ed, -s Bound morpheme can change the meaning or word class of a word, e. g. fit and unfit, broad and braoden; It can also have grammatical function, e. g. book and books.

Root and affix n Alternatively, morphemes may be divided into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).

Root (or root morphemes) : the basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. That is to say, it is the part of the word left, whether free or bound, when all the affixes are removed. It carries the main component of meaning in a word. e. g. work, workable, worker, worked, working -- semantically related words Roots are, therefore, the cores of English words. Historically, the root is the earliest form of a word. Roots are either free or bound. A root generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.

¨ Affixes: Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.

n Inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes): attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships. n The inflectional affix does not form a new word with a new lexical meaning when it is added to another word but adds some grammatical information to the word.

It serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. Plural markers: -s, -en, feet, sheep Genitive case: -’s Verbal endings: -ing, -(e)d, irregular verbs, Comparative and superlative degrees: -er, -est

n Derivational affixes (derivational morphemes): They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they "derive" a new word. If a morpheme can change the meaning or the word class, or both the meaning and word class of a word, it is a derivational morpheme. e. g. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, mean+ness, work+er. Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning, for instance: -ism means “doctrine or point of view” as in socialism.

Derivational morphemes or derivational affixes are commonly subdivided into prefixes and suffixes. Affixes before the word are called prefixes (as in supermarket) those after are called suffixes ( as in friendship).

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