MODAL VERBS General rules Modal verbs are

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MODAL VERBS

General rules: Modal verbs are always followed by an infinitive:

• FOR PRESENT: by a present infinitive She must go. (SIMPLE) I must be going now. (CONT. )

• FOR PAST: by a perfect infinitive He must have done that. (SIMPLE) We must have been walking for hours. (CONTINUOUS)

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST 2 ways of forming past tense:

modal verb is the same + infinitive is changed (= perfect infinitive) present: She could be at home now. past: She could have been at home (when you were looking for her. )

modal verb is changed + infinitive is the same (present infinitive) present: She must go to work every day. past: She had to go to work every day.

OBLIGATION (have to, must, should, ought to) Put these sentences into past: - I must go now. - She has to listen to her. - You should help him. - I ought to do it.

Must and have to express obligation, should and ought to are used for giving advice. Must have to. Must is more personal, formal, expresses the opinion of a speaker. Have to is normally based on a rule or law or on authority of another person Should and ought to express mild obligation – they are used for giving advice. Ought to is very formal.

2. PERMISSION ( may, can, be allowed to) Put these sentences into past: - She may leave now. - They are allowed to be here.

When asking for permission only the present tense is used. In the past the forms of be allowed to or could are used. The difference between can and may in this sense is the same as in Slovene (ali lahko grem / ali smem iti). May is more formal.

3. PROBABILITY/ CERTAINTY (will, must/can't, should, may, might, could) Put these sentences into past. - This will be my sister at the door. - He must be crazy. / She can’t be 40! - They should be here soon. - It might rain. - They may go to Greece. - You could be right.

All modal verbs expressing probability form past by using the perfect infinitive. Use a modal verb instead of MAYBE: We may join you later. Maybe we'll join you later. (It's not wrong but the upper is much better. )

4. ABILITY ( can, to be able to) Can for present, could for past. Other forms are provided by be able to. - I can speak English. - I could speak English at the age of five. - I'll be able to do it in a few years' time.

Compare: - I could have helped him when he was drowning. (I didn't!) - I was able to help him when he was drowning. (I did. )

5. REQUEST ( can, could, will, would) Can/could/will/would you do me a favour?

6. WILLINGNESS AND REFUSAL (will, won't, shall, wouldn't) - I'll help you. (willingness) - The car won't start. (refusal; meaning: the car just refuses to start ) - Shall I give you a hand? (offers; only with I/we) - My mum said she wouldn't give me any more money. Isn't she mean? (past)

Unfortunately, the same modal verb can appear in different groups according to its meaning and therefore form past tense in both ways (but with a difference in meaning). Compare:

present: I must go now. obligation: past: I had to go yesterday. MUST present: She must be drunk now. certainty: past: She must have been drunk when I saw her.

present: I can't swim. lack of ability: past: I couldn't swim when I was 5. CAN'T present: That can't be right. certainty: past: That can't have been right.

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