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MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland

MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS (8 DECEMBER 1542 – 8 FEBRUARY 1587) also known as MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS (8 DECEMBER 1542 – 8 FEBRUARY 1587) also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regnant of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560. She was one of the most fascinating and controversial monarchs of 16 th century Europe. . In 1603, upon Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I.

MARY OF GUISE The wife of King James V of Scotland. The mother of MARY OF GUISE The wife of King James V of Scotland. The mother of Mary, Queen of Scots.

STEWART = STUART v Robert II had become King of Scots in 1371. v STEWART = STUART v Robert II had become King of Scots in 1371. v He called his dynasty Stewart, a variation of his father’s title. In France it was spelled Stuart. v Mary’s father, James V believed his lineage ['lɪnɪɪʤ], (род) had ended with his daughter’s birth

MARRIAGE? Edward VI Francis II MARRIAGE? Edward VI Francis II

HENRY VIII HENRY VIII

FRANCE 1548 -1561 FRANCE 1548 -1561

MARRIAGE TO FRANCIS II Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and despotic. The Scots were MARRIAGE TO FRANCIS II Henry VIII became increasingly erratic and despotic. The Scots were determined to avoid the proposed English marriage. In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old Mary to France, her mother's homeland. The Scots Parliament had agreed to her marriage with Francis, the heir of Henry II, king of France from 1547 to 1559.

CHILDHOOD v Mary was also educated in the traditional manner of French princesses; she CHILDHOOD v Mary was also educated in the traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek. She learned to dance, sing, play the lute as well as converse on religious matters. v By the age of eleven, Mary was deemed to be as intelligent and well -spoken as a woman of twenty-five by her doting father-in-law.

1558 -1560 v 1558 – Queen Mary I dies v Henry II of France 1558 -1560 v 1558 – Queen Mary I dies v Henry II of France encouraged Mary to come to the throne. v Elizabeth I never forgot this. v 1559 She and her husband were crowned Queen and King of France. v 1560 – Francis II dies.

SCOTLAND 1561 -1568 SCOTLAND 1561 -1568

RETURN TO SCOTLAND The Scots received their new queen with great joy and celebration. RETURN TO SCOTLAND The Scots received their new queen with great joy and celebration. At once, she began to try and help them; within a year of her arrival, one-sixth of all Church benefices was given to the Protestant ministers to relieve their poverty. She also attempted to strengthen the power of the Crown against Scotland's notoriously difficult-to-control nobles.

HENRY STEWART In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named Henry Stewart, Lord HENRY STEWART In July of 1565, she wed a cousin named Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, a weak, vain, and unstable young man; like Mary, he was also a grandchild of Henry VIII's sister Margaret. He never seemed to care for Mary and sought far more power than she was willing to give him.

HENRY STEWART v When she was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley HENRY STEWART v When she was six months pregnant in March of 1566, Darnley joined a group of Scottish nobles who broke into her supper-room at Holyrood Palace. v they probably meant to cause Mary, from watching this horrific crime, to suffer a miscarriage, thus losing her child and her own life as well since one usually meant the other in the 16 th century.

PRISON v After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary prisoner at Holyrood Palace. Entering PRISON v After Riccio's death, the nobles kept Mary prisoner at Holyrood Palace. Entering the later stages of her pregnancy, she was desperate to escape and - somehow - won over Darnley and they escaped together. Three months later the future James VI of Scotland was born and congratulations came from all over Europe. Still young and healthy after the birth, Mary now had an heir. v Elizabeth I could well imagine that Mary's son would be her heir as well.

HENRY STEWART KILLED v The nobles who had plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed HENRY STEWART KILLED v The nobles who had plotted with Darnley now felt betrayed by him; after all, they had captured the queen and her potential heir, murdered her dear friend, and were in a position to demand anything. v Darnley's decision to help Mary escape infuriated them. v In February of 1567 they had Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was found in the garden. Many nobles were implicated, most particularly James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell.

EARL OF BOTHWELL EARL OF BOTHWELL

EARL OF BOTHWELL v Earl of Bothwell met with Mary about six miles outside EARL OF BOTHWELL v Earl of Bothwell met with Mary about six miles outside of Edinburgh. v Bothwell's noble friends had previously pressed her to marry him and he, too, had told her she needed a strong husband who could help unify the nobles behind her. v Also, Bothwell showed Mary an agreement the nobles had signed which indicated they were prepared to accept him as their overlord

EDINBURGH v Now, the nobels were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful and they EDINBURGH v Now, the nobels were angry that Bothwell would be all-powerful and they decided to wage war against him. Barely a month after the marriage, rebel nobles and their forces met Mary's troops at Carberry Hill, 8 miles south-east of Edinburgh. The nobles demanded that Mary abandon Bothwell, whom they had earlier ordered her to wed. v Mary was taken to Lochleven Castle and held prisoner in that island fortress; She was forced to sign a document abdicating the crown in favor of her year-old son.

JAMES STEWART At the end of that month, July 1567, James was crowned king JAMES STEWART At the end of that month, July 1567, James was crowned king and James Stewart, the Earl of Moray, Mary's bastard half-brother, became Regent.

THE FINAL YEARS 1568 -1587 THE FINAL YEARS 1568 -1587

NO SUPPORT FROM ELIZABETH I Mary was the closest Catholic claimant to the English NO SUPPORT FROM ELIZABETH I Mary was the closest Catholic claimant to the English throne and Elizabeth knew some of her subjects were not above hoping she could be deposed and Mary made queen of both Scotland England. So she had determined to keep her cousin's kingdom in continual strife; if Mary was busy at home, she would have less chance to plot against Elizabeth.

ONE MORE PRISON v Elizabeth I found Brothwell’s letters to Mary and realised that ONE MORE PRISON v Elizabeth I found Brothwell’s letters to Mary and realised that Mary was not guilty of the death of her husband. v But in this same year, conservative nobles in England supported an idea that Mary should wed the Duke of Norfolk. v Elizabeth did not consent to the marriage and kept Mary under lock and key. Soon, this arrangement had settled into stone; Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London and as close to Elizabeth as she ever came.

v Of course, Mary plotted from the very beginning to escape. She felt justified v Of course, Mary plotted from the very beginning to escape. She felt justified in doing so since she was being held against her will. However, as the years passed, the plots grew more outlandish and murderous. Mary's imprisonment was only to end with her execution.

TRIAL v In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at Fotheringhay for TRIAL v In October of 1586, Mary was put on trial at Fotheringhay for plotting to kill Elizabeth and claim the English throne. v Mary defended herself admirably though she had no friends or supporters at the trial and, essentially, the verdict had been decided before the proceedings had begun. v The trial lasted just two days and was over on 16 October 1586 but it was not until 7 February 1587 that she was told she would be executed the next morning.

v A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England with his v A year later, the Catholic Philip V of Spain invaded England with his Armada, perhaps - to some degree - urged on by Mary's execution.

v Early on the morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and v Early on the morning of 8 February 1587, dressed in black satin and velvet, she entered the Great Hall of Fotheringhay Castle. She commanded her servant, Melville, to go to her son and tell him that she had never done anything to compromise their kingdom of Scotland. Mary was calm and composed before the several hundred spectators present; she listened while the execution warrant was read and then prayed aloud in English for the Church and her son.

Sixteen years later, Mary's son became King of England Scotland. Sixteen years later, Mary's son became King of England Scotland.

THE END THE END