Lecture 4 American Romantic Writers The plan of

Lecture 4 American Romantic Writers The plan of the lecture: 1. Washington Irving 2. James Fenimore Cooper 3. Edgar Allan Poe 4. Herman Melville 5. Nathaniel Hawthorne 6. Main American poets of the 19 th century: Ralph Waldo Emerson; Emily Dickinson; Walt Whitman

Washington Irving (1783 -1859) • the sleepyhead Rip Van Winkle • the scarifying Headless Horseman from “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

• pseudonym Jonathan Oldstyle • Salmagundi or The Whim-Whams and Opinions of Lancelot Langstaff, Esq. and Others • collaboration - сотрудничество • James Kirke Paulding • A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty. • inaccurate account – неточный отчет • Dutch colonization narrated by the fictitious Diedrich Knickerbocker - … вымышленный…

• • • Burlesque – карикатура, пародия Bracebridge Hall (1822) The Sketch Book (1819 -1820) a life of Christopher Columbus a history of Granada The Alhambra (1832) centered around the Moorish palace in Granada a five-volume biography of George Washington. most-acclaimed work The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (1819 -20)

• he wove elements of myth and folklore into narratives, such as “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” • renowned • now-familiar images and archetypes • Reminiscence - воспоминание • essentially unclassifiable pieces • “The Spectre Bridegroom “ Жених-призрак • miscellaneous nature • innovation • appealed to a broad range of readers

• style pleasingly elegant, fine, and humorous • a lack of intellectual content beneath decorative surface Technical and thematic innovations in Irving’s short stories: 1. the integration of folklore, myth, and fable into narrative fiction; 2. setting and landscape as a reflection of theme and mood; 3. the expression of the supernatural and use of Gothic elements in some stories; 4. the tension between imagination and creativity versus materialism and productivity in 19 th century America.

James Fenimore Cooper (17891851) • Leather. Stocking Tales”. (Романы о Кожаном Чулке) • The Spy Шпион, 1821

• combined the novel of manners with the historical romance • depart • The Pioneers, Пионеры, 1823 • The Last of the Mohicans Последний из могикан, 1826 • The Prairie Степи/Прерия, 1827 • The Pilot, Лоцман, 1823 • The Red Rover Красный корсар, 1828 • The Water Witch Морская волшебница, 1830 • Lionel Lincoln Лайонель Линкольн, 1825

• The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish Долина Виш-тон -Виш, 1829 • Frontier- фронтир • inherit - наследовать • Loyalists • roaming hunters • forest-clearing farmers • Natty Bumppo • a code of personal fulfillment under sound moral self-guidance • knits this complex web of people and adventures into the cycle of a single year

• • • emergence Submerge -заполнять John Paul Jones in revolt against the authority of the English king arbitrary authority over his crew – деспотичная власть над командой a gentleman-rogue - … жулик, негодяй, бродяга turned from the technique of straight romantic narrative to that of symbolism King Philip’s War a profound study of the conflict between Puritan morality and integrity and the savage ethic of the frontier

• • • The Bravo Браво, 1831 The Heidenmauer Гейденмауэр, 1832 The Headsman Палач, 1833 Homeward Bound Дома, 1838 Home Found Домой, 1838 keen critical insight The Pathfinder Следопыт, 1840 Lake Ontario The Deerslayer Зверобой, 1841 fills in the young manhood of his hero equally vigorous tales of the sea

• • • The Two Admirals Два адмирала, 1842 Wing-and-Wing Блуждающий огонёк, 1842 Afloat and Ashore На суше и на море, 1844 Sequel – продолжение Miles Wallingford Майлс Уоллингфорд, 1844 the trilogy Satanstoe Чертов палец/ Сатанстоу, 1845 The Chainbearer Землемер, 1845 The Redskins Краснокожие, 1846 …from their first days of settlement to the days of the disintegration of their privileged way of life in the face of classless democracy

• The Crater Кратер, 1847 • studies of naval history • The History of the Navy of the United States of America История американского флота, 1839 • The Cruise of the Somers • Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers • “And the women he draws from one model, don’t vary, all sappy as maples and flat as a prairie. ” • “Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offenses”, 1895 • constitute a record of American life and society

Edgar Allan Poe (1809 -1849) hallucination a pamphlet of youthful, Byronic poems "The Raven" Ворон cemented his reputation as a literary master of the dark romanticism.

West Point Baltimore creepy languishing commanded only a small audience Charles Baudelaire contemporary His vision asserts that reality for the human being is essentially subterranean, contradictory to surface reality, and profoundly irrational in character.

physical signs, the effects of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning the dark romanticism Transcendentalism horror stories “The Black Cat" Черный кот "The Tell-Tale Heart" Сердце-обличитель "The Cask of Amontillado" Бочонок амонтильядо “The Fall of the House of Usher” Падение дома Ашеров

”The Premature Burial" Преждевременное погребение “The Masque of the Red Death” Маска красной смерти satire hoax cultural conformity The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether, Система доктора Смоля и профессора Перро The Balloon-Hoax История с воздушным шаром

responding in his writing to emerging technologies "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall" Необыкновенное приключение некоего Ганса Пфааля "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains" Повесть скалистых гор "The Thousand-Second Tale of Scheherazade" Тысяча вторая сказка Шехерезады "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" Правда о том, что случилось с мистером Вальдемаром

“Some Words with a Mummy” Разговор с мумией detective fiction tales starring Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature forerunner of later masters of the craft like Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie in a cool style that is the polar opposite of his romantic poems and horror stories "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" Убийство на улице Морг

"The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" Тайна Мари Роже “The Purloined Letter” Украденное письмо, “The Gold Bug” Золотой жук "Annabel Lee" Анабель Ли "The Bells" Колокола "Eldorado" Эльдорадо "To Helen" К Елене "Lenore" Линор "The Raven" Ворон.

Herman Melville (1819 -1891) Moby-Dick Моби Дик the South Seas earned him a popularity that diminished as his writing turned to metaphysical themes and allegorical techniques.

Typee Тайпи, 1846 Sequel Omoo Ому, 1847 Whaler intolerable hardships on the Marquesas lslands captured by a tribe of cannibals Tahiti a study in false appearances and misguided quests loose, episodic description of wanderings

a lighthearted vein to hit hard at missionary despoilers of the Pacific paradise and other civilizing forces superficial, exploitative, and destructive Mardi Марди, 1849 to marks a transition the realm of fantasy, rhapsody, and allegory to progress from realism toward romance, from simplicity toward complexity Redburn Рэдберн, 1849 “a little nursery tale”

an initiation story the tale of a green transformed by raw experience into a competent sailor and a selfreliant man White-Jacket subtitled The World in a Man-of. Wa, Белый бушлат, 1850 fictional frigate Neversink a microcosm of Melville’s native land in particular and the world in general the naval hierarchy emphasizing the irony of an authoritarian system as an instrument of American democracy

a reform novel, advocating measures to improve the lot of American to contain a considerable amount of direct narrative, description, and reform polemics to foreshadow complex masterpiece, Moby-Dick, 1851 to precede lshmael a drifter the Pequod commanded by Captain Ahab

overweening purpose is to capture the great white whale Moby-Dick that had ripped off his leg to unite his racially, ethnically, and nationally diverse crew in an apocalyptic quest for the white whale a sociological critique class and racial prejudices a source of information about whales and whaling a philosophical inquiry into the nature of good and evil, of man and his fate

heavily symbolic critical formulations rich texture lends itself to various interpretations superficially as a melodramatic adventure the precise descriptions of the technology of whaling Virtually plot line accounts of the capture of whales a vehicle for a deliberately inconclusive, manysided debate on the nature of the human condition.

greatly enhanced by Melville’s rhythmic, rhetorical prose style ill-received failed to grasp Melville’s complex view of the world stylistic innovativeness range of metaphysical, political, and cultural issues rich in nautical themes and allusions Pierre Пьер, 1852 efforts to apply Christian solutions to result in death and disaster

dark, uneven book subtle examination of ethical questions and deep probing into the human soul The Piazza Tales Рассказы на веранде , 18531856 the short novel Israel Potter Израиль Поттер, 1855 Confident Man: Masquerade Мошенник, 1857 materialism Billy Budd Билли Бадд, фор-марсовый матрос, 1888 an innocent sailor

sacrificed for the sake of maintaining order and efficiency aboard his warship a note of relaxation if not serenity The Apple-Tree Table (1922 Journal of a Visit to London and the Continent (1948) Journal of a Visit to Europe and the Levant Дневник путешествия в Европу и Левант, 1955

Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864) descendant – потомок Salem’s witchcraft trials New England Fanshawe Фэншо, 1828

Twice-Told Tales Дважды рассказанные истории, 1837 They reveal Hawthorne’s preoccupation with the power of the past, particularly its relationship to guilt and secrecy, intellectual and moral pride, and the effects of these spiritual dilemmas on the personality. Mosses from an Old Manse Мхи старой усадьбы, 1846 The Snow-Image Снегурочка, 1851 Grandfather’s Chair Дедушкино кресло, 1841 The Journal of an African Cruiser, 1845

Horatio Bridge Lucid, graceful, and well composed, they combine an old-fashioned neoclassic purity of diction with a latent, and hard complexity of meaning. They are broadly allegorical but infused with imaginative passion. texture The Scarlet Letter Алая буква, 1850 consequences of sin and guilt Hester Prynne adultery – супружеская неверность Roger Chillingworth

Arthur Dimmesdale gothic romance a symbolical moral unmatched in ambition and artistry by any other American novel to date prolific – продуктивный The House of the Seven Gales Дом о семи фронтонах, 1851 The Blithedale Romance Счастливый Дол, 1852 recorded his mingled feelings of sympathy and skepticism about Brook Farm

A Wonder Book Книга чудес, 1852 Tanglewood Tales Тэнглвудские рассказы, 1853 exquisitely fanciful stories Our Old Home Наша старая родина, 1863 a volume drawn from the since-published “English Note-Books” Английские записные книжки wry view – противоречивый взгляд “Roman romance” The Marble Faun Мраморный фавн, 1860 European sensuality and American guilt. combined high artistry and intellectual power

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803– 1882) an unbroken line of ministers dating back to Puritan days Harvard a Unitarian resigned his ministry – отрекся от сана священника Concord, Massachusetts

Nature О природе, 1836 initiate New England Transcendentalism leading exponent – главный представитель the waning of the Christian tradition – отступление от христианской традиции cause considerable controversy – вызвать значительные разногласия Margaret Fuller launch – издавать, выпускать The Dial outlet - выход Essays Очерки, 1841 and 1844

"Self-Reliance" О доверии к себе Representative Men Представители человечества, 1850 The Conduct of Life Нравственная философия, 1860 mature work – зрелая работа developed humanism and a full awareness of human limitations His Poems, 1847 May-Day, 1867 established his reputation as a major poet

Emily Dickinson (1830 -1886) cofounder – соучредитель Amherst College Amherst Academy Mount Holyoke Female Seminary boldly - смело prosody epigrammatic

concision – краткость, лаконичность adhering to the basic quatrains and metres of the Protestant hymn The depth and intensity of her deceptively simple lyrics contrast with the apparent quiet of her life. equal in artistry to her poems Lavinia Poems Стихотворения, 1890 "Because I could not stop for Death" "I cannot live with You. "

Walt Whitman (1819 -1892) Leaves of Grass Листья травы, 1855 Brooklyn "Song of Myself" Песня о себе free-verse avalanche celebration of nature and self

the Civil War Washington, D. C. a civil servant and volunteer nurse Drum Taps Барабанный бой Sequel to Drum Taps (1865 -66) elegies for Abraham Lincoln "Where Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" Когда во дворе перед домом цвела этой весною сирень "O Captain! My Captain!" О Капитан! мой Капитан! Democratic Vistas Демократические дали, 1871

Specimen Days Памятные дни, 1882 – 83 wartime experiences and subsequent reflections paralyzed after a stroke Camden, New Jersey