LECTURE 1 General notes on style and stylistics

LECTURE 1 General notes on style and stylistics

PLAN: I. Stylistics as a Branch of Linguistics: - The Object of Stylistics. - Notion of style. II. Basic notions of Stylistics: The norm Standard English Functional styles Stylistic functions

LINGUISTICS. THE OBJECT OF STYLISTICS. NOTION OF STYLE. The term “style” in linguistics applies to the following fields of investigation: Aesthetic function of the language Expressive means Synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea Emotional colouring in the language The system of special devices – “stylistic devices” The splitting of the language into several subsystems – “functional styles” The interrelation between the language and the thought The individual manner of an author in making use of the language Technique of expression Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the principles and the effect of lexical, grammatical, phonetic means used to convey thought and emotions in every situation of communication. The object of stylistics deals with the same units of the language that any linguistic studies deal with: texts, utterances, words, etc. )

MAIN TRENDS IN STYLISTICS Stylistics General Stylistics of a particular language studies the most common principles of correspondence between thought and its expression in a particular expression language studies the principles of correspondence between thought Stylistics of language of speech studies the peculiarities of studies real texts (oral or written) functional styles. It also It`s interested in the form of the studies expressive, emotive, evaluative power of language means message.

Comparative Stylistics Studies the stylistic means of two languages. Stylistics Literary studies expressive means of the Language peculiar to some literary work, author, literary trend and époque Stylistics (structural hierarchy of the language levels are the basis) Phonostylistics Studies the sound studies the functioning instrument of the of words in the potential of mor- text (all phonetic communicative phological units, means) situation and the grammatical catego- interaction of the ries and syntactical dictionary and structures. contextual meanings. Lexical stylistics Grammatical stylistics studies the stylistic The main attention is paid to their expressive, emotive, evaluative potential and their reference to functional styles.

Stylistics of the author (encoding S. ) of the perception (decoding S. ) -problems - ideas - language means used to convey a message to the reader who will perceive his literary work - literary work is a source of expressions for the reader

THE BASIC NOTIONS OFSTYLISTICS U. M. Screbnev defines the norm as the opposition between traditionally designating and occasionally designating. In the literary language the norm is the invariant of phonemic, morphological, lexical and syntactic patterns which are used during a given period of the language development.

At a given historic period there is usually one norm regarded as universally accepted and it`s called: Literary language (Received Standard, Standard English). It is recognized as excellent, correct and acceptable form of the language in accordance with common practice at a given period of time. Functional styles. The language is divided into several functional styles which are characterized by their own phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological, syntactical and stylistic norms which are stipulated by their functions and aims of communication. They are: Official style Scientific style Publicistic style (Newspaper style) Belles-lettres [ˌbɛlˈlɛtrə] (худ. лит. ) Poetic style Conversational style

Stylistic functions. M. Halliday defines a “function” as the role which the words fulfill in the structure of units of some upper level. There`s no unified classifications of stylistic functions. Most linguists point out: Characterizing st. f. Emotive st. f. Evaluative st. f. As the stylistic function is connected with Emotions and attitude conveyed by the author Emotions and attitude of the speaker to his utterance and message The speaker`s evaluation of the situation, his interlocutor and himself, his attitude to everything connected with the 2 nd type of information (additional)

THE FEATURES OF THE STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS: Accumulation: «He was such a sharp landlord, that he could hardly find any but bankrupt tenants; and such a close farmer as to grudge almost the seed to the ground» [Thackeray W. M. ; 2001: 76], «… the whole baronetage, peerage, commonage of England, didn`t contain a more cunning, mean, selfish, foolish, disreputable old man. That bloodred hand of Sir Pitt Crawley`s would be in anybody`s pocket except his own» [Thackeray W. M. ; 2001: 77].

Implicit character: «She was dressed in white, with bare shoulders as white as snow – the picture of youth, unprotected innocence, and humble virgin simplicity» [Thackeray W. M. ; 2001: 44]. «She was in a pink dress that looked as fresh as a rose, her dazzling white arms and shoulders were half covered with a thin hazy scarf through which they sparkled, her hair hung in curls round her heck, one of her little feet peeped out from the fresh crisp folds of the silk – the prettiest little foot in the prettiest little sandal in the finest silk stocking in the world» [Thackeray W. M. ; 2001: 355 -356]. «…when this angel was admitted into the paradise of a Court which she coveted…» [Thackeray W. M. ; 2001: 450] «And she began forthwith to tell her story – a tale so neat, simple and artless, that it was quite evident from hearing her that if ever there was a white-robed angel escaped from heaven to be subject to the infernal machinations and villainy of fiends here below, that spotless being, that miserable unsullied martyr, was present on the bed before Jos – on the bed, sitting on the brandy-bottle» [Thackeray W. M. ; 2001: 623 -624].

Capability for irradiation: Could you close that (god-damned) window!