Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 1 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II ECM 3154 WEEK 14 WINDOWS PowerPoint® Slides by Zamzarina Bt Md.Judyar

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 2 CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter brings the student through the internal fixtures and fittings for windows.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Students will be exposed to the performance requirements, types and ironmongery for windows.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 4 LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, students must be able to apply the information to the decision-making processes as these units are selected for a building. Understand the properties of various units as they relate to fire, security, privacy and operation. Students should be able to know how to read drawing plans of windows.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 5 Window can be made from variety of materials or a combination of materials such as timber, metal and plastic They can also be designed to operate in various ways by arranging the sashes to slide, swing or hang Factors deserve consideration when designing windows such as thermal and sound insulation, avoidance of excessive sun glare, security and safety INTRODUCTION

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 6 REQUIREMENTS OF WINDOW Requirements of window To resist wind loadings Be easy to clean Provide for safety and security Sited within context that they provide a vision out and therefore visual contact with the world outside the building Must be aesthetically acceptable in the context of building design and surrounding environment

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 7 REQUIREMENT OF WINDOW globalspec.com globalspec.com

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 8 FUNCTION OF WINDOWS Function of windows: To provide a means for admission of natural daylight to the interior of a building It can also serve as a means of providing the necessary ventilation of dwellings as required by the Building Regulations

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 9 WINDOWS TYPES Window can be classified into 3 different ways or a combination of them: The method of opening casement which are side hung, top hung, bottom hung Sliding either vertical or horizontal The materials Steel, aluminum, timber, pvc Size Size of the window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 10 cmhc-schl.gc.ca

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 11 COMPONENTS OF A WINDOW Windows consist of the following components: frame sill head nailing flange mullion glazing sash stile rail hardware

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 12 FRAME The horizontal and vertical portions that surround the sash and on which it is hung comprise the frame. Frames are usually made of the same materials as the sash. Window frames may be manufactured with or without nailing flanges. Frame and sash design and construction are important for both energy efficiency and appearance.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 13 SEVERAL MATERIALS ARE COMMONLY USED: Wood frames have high insulating properties and can be painted or stained any colour. They require ongoing maintenance to prevent moisture damage. They are usually less expensive than frames made of other materials. Clad wood frames have the advantage of wood’s natural insulating qualities, but they require less maintenance. The cladding is usually aluminum or vinyl, available in limited colours.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 14 Moisture problems can be reduced if the cladding is applied properly to the wood. If moisture gets trapped between the cladding and the wood, damage and rot can occur unseen CLAD WOOD FRAMES (CONT’D)

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 15 ALUMINUM FRAMES Aluminum frames are strong and durable, but they readily conduct heat. While aluminum frames are durable and require little maintenance, they have poor insulating properties. Some aluminum frames have mitred joints in the corners, which can allow water to leak into the wall if the joints are not properly sealed or the seals fail.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 16 GLAZING The glazing: (or glass) can be a solid sheet of glass, or several panes divided by a ’mullion”. A mullion is a secondary frame that holds the window-panes in the sash.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 17 Some glazings are made of tempered glass, to resist breakage, and some are made of laminated glass, which not only reduces breakage, but if the window does break, the glass shards will be too small to cause injury Double-glazed windows have two layers of glass separated with a spacer. Triple-glazed windows have three layers of glass, or two layers with a low-emissivity (Low-E) film suspended between them. GLAZING (CONT’D)

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 18 TRIPLE-GLAZED Triple-glazed windows have three layers of glass, or two layers with a low-emissivity (Low-E) film suspended between them.

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 19 Triple-glazed windows can help reduce sound transmission where outside noise is a problem, but because the sash is heavier it may be more difficult to operate than a double-glazed sash TRIPLE-GLAZED (CONT’D)

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 20 WINDOWS CONVENTIONAL TYPES globalspec.com

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 21 TYPES OF WINDOW Single hung oriel window Single Hung house window Double hung window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 22 TYPES OF WINDOW (CONT’D) Horizontal sliding sash window Round window Side hung casement window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 23 TYPES OF WINDOW (CONT’D) Top and bottom hung casement window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 24 TIMBER CASEMENT WINDOW Typical elevations and section of timber casement window globalspec.com

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 25 TIMBER CASEMENT WINDOWS A solid frame is fixed to the edge of the opening and this receives the glazed casements which may be side hung, top hung or bottom hung Small top/bottom hung casement are used for controlled ventilation The larger side casements can be opened for greater ventilation The window frame is sometimes subdivided; the vertical divisions are known as mullions and the horizontal members as transoms

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 26 METAL CASEMENT WINDOWS These can be obtained in steel (BS 6510) or in aluminium alloy (BS 4873) Steel windows are cheaper in initial cost than aluminium alloy but have higher maintenance cost. Both can be fitted into timber sub-frames Generally they give a larger glass area for any given opening size than similar timber windows but they can give rise to condensation on the metal components

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 27 METAL CASEMENT WINDOWS

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 28 CASEMENT WINDOWS - IRONMONGERY Typical example ironmongery for casement windows

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 29 SLIDING SASH WINDOWS An alternative format to conventional side hung casement windows Can be constructed as a vertical or double hung sash window or as a horizontal sliding window in timber , metal , plastic or in any combination of these material. Double hung sash window come in two types which are:- i. Vertical sliding slash window - come in two formats (double hung weight balanced window & double hung spring balanced window) ii. Horizontal sliding slash window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 30 VERTICAL SLIDING SASH WINDOWS Double Hung Weight Balanced Window (elevation , jamb detail and vertical section) doubleglazedupvcwindows.com

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 31 VERTICAL SLIDING SASH WINDOWS Double Hung Spring Balanced Window (elevation , jamb detail and vertical section)

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 32 HORIZONTAL SLIDING SASH WINDOWS A wide range of arrangement are available with two or more sliding sashes which can have a vent light incorporated in the outer sliding sash Can be constructed in timber , metal , plastic or combination of these material with single or double glazing Typical horizontally sliding sash window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 33 PIVOT WINDOWS Can be constructed with Centre jamb pivots enabling the sash to pivot rotate in the horizontal plane or alternatively the pivots can be fixed in the head and sill of the frame so that the sash rotates in the vertical plane Typical Pivot Window

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 34 BAY WINDOWS Can be defined as any window with side lights which projects in front of the external wall and is supported by a sill height wall Bay windows not supported by a sill height wall are called oriel windows. Can be of any window type, constructed from any of the usual window. Available in three plan formats namely square, splay, circular and segmental

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 35 QUIZZES 1. Identify functions of windows. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Determine any three types of windows. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 36 KEY TERMS 1. Ventilation of dwellings Definition Ventilation of room 2. PVC Definition Polyvinyl chloride; a synthetic thermoplastic material made by polymerizing vinyl chloride. The properties depend on the added plasticizer. The flexible forms are used in insulation of door, window and etc. 3. BS British Standard Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 36

Last Updated:11 December 2017 © LMS SEGi education group 37 REFERENCES Chudley, R., & Greeno, R., 2005. Construction Technology, 4th ed. England: Pearson. Chudley, R., & Greeno, R., 2001. Advanced ConstructionTechnology, 3rd ed. England:Longman. Spence, W.,D., 2006. Construction Materials, Methods, and Techniques, 2nd ed. US:Delmar. cmhc-schl.gc.ca retrieved 22nd August 2011 globalspec.com retrieved 22nd August 201 doubleglazedupvcwindows.com retrieved 22nd August 2011 gloewindow.com retrieved 22nd August 2011