International Sakharov Environmental University BIOLOGICAL TESTING OF THE ENVIRONMENT Biological Test Method: Fertilization Assay Using Echinoids (Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars) Minsk 2012 Zukavets Yulia
The first edition of this biological test method, printed in December 1992 and amended in November 1997. It was based on pre-existing procedures of several authors, laboratories, agencies, and other groups in Europe, Japan, U. S. A. , and Canada, and on a supporting review of relevant publications.
Aquatic toxicity tests are used within Canada and elsewhere to measure, predict, and control the discharge of substances or materials that might be harmful to aquatic life in the environment. A test based on fertilization success using gametes of sea urchins or sand dollars was one of several “core” aquatic toxicity tests which was then selected to help meet Environment Canada’s testing requirements.
The test must be carried out using one of th species listed below. Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Dendraster excentricus Arbacia punctulata Lytechinus pictus
Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O. F. Muller) the green sea urchin, a circumpolar species found on the Canadian Atlantic and Pacific coasts and across the Arctic Ocean.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) called in this report the Pacific purple sea urchin, found on the Pacific coast of Canada and southwards to Baja California.
Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz) a sand dollar of the Pacific coast of Canada and southwards, called in this report the eccentric sand dollar, a standard common name
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck) called in this report Arbacia, although the common name of “Atlantic purple sea urchin” is sometimes used. Found on the Atlantic coast of the United States from Cape Cod southerly into the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
Lytechinus pictus (Verrill) the white sea urchin, found from southern California to Panama.
The first four species can be collected on one or more Canadian coasts. All five species can be purchased from biological supply houses and shipped to the test laboratory. Most of the species have been used frequently in toxicity tests.
In general, toxicity results from fertilization assays using echinoids appear to be similar among species. There might, however, be differences in species sensitivity, depending on the toxicant being tested. For example, the eccentric sand dollar appears to be about 1. 4 times more sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulphate than the Pacific purple sea urchin, and 1. 7 times more sensitive to bleached sulphite mill effluent than the green sea urchin (NCASI, 1992).
In a more recent study involving 3 species of sea urchins and 1 species of sand dollar (eccentric), the white sea urchin and the eccentric sand dollar were found to be the most sensitive to specific samples of sediment pore water from Vancouver and Halifax Harbours, whereas Arbacia had the greatest sensitivity to ammonia.
The common sand dollar is not presently recommended for the test until research proves suitable. The effect of growth-inhibiting chemicals and sediment contaminants on the early life stages of this sand dollar have been studied.
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