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Human Immune system (HIS) Human Immune system (HIS)

Immunology • Immunology is the study of the strategies and mechanisms that the body Immunology • Immunology is the study of the strategies and mechanisms that the body uses to rid itself of foreign substances

Organs of the immune system The organs are: - Spleen - Lymph nodes - Organs of the immune system The organs are: - Spleen - Lymph nodes - Mucosal nodes - Reticulo-endothelial system • - Thymus • • •

Spleen • The spleen is involved in: • degradation of old and dead erythrocytes. Spleen • The spleen is involved in: • degradation of old and dead erythrocytes. • storage of blood as a reserve • production of lymphocytes • production of fetal blood until birth

Lymph nodes • Lymph nodes are involved in both blood production and body defense Lymph nodes • Lymph nodes are involved in both blood production and body defense by capturing microbes • In the event of major infection, the lymph nodes can become enlarged

Reticulo-endothelial System • The reticuloendothelial system is made up of Kuppfer cells of the Reticulo-endothelial System • The reticuloendothelial system is made up of Kuppfer cells of the liver and reticular cells of red bone marrow • This system defends the body against hazardous substances by phagocytosis

Thymus • Defends the body against infection by producing lymphocytes Thymus • Defends the body against infection by producing lymphocytes

Immunity • Immunity is the recognition and removal of molecules foreign to the body Immunity • Immunity is the recognition and removal of molecules foreign to the body

• Antigen – foreign substabnce • Antibody is produced against antigen, and destroys • Antigen – foreign substabnce • Antibody is produced against antigen, and destroys antigen

Acquisition of Immunity • Active immunity: the individual alone produces antibodies against an antigen Acquisition of Immunity • Active immunity: the individual alone produces antibodies against an antigen • Passive immunity: the individual is given prepared antibodies (vaccines)

Vaccines • Vaccines function as a precaution before exposure to the illness • They Vaccines • Vaccines function as a precaution before exposure to the illness • They are composed of a physiological fluid and a weakened or dead microbe • Properties: • - they should have little or no side effects • - any vaccination should not be given during illness or after surgery • - they have allergic functions.

Types of Immunity • Immunity is maintained by two pathways: • non-specific immunity • Types of Immunity • Immunity is maintained by two pathways: • non-specific immunity • specific immunity

Non-specific Immunity • Barriers nonspecifically prevent microbes from entering the body • It is Non-specific Immunity • Barriers nonspecifically prevent microbes from entering the body • It is maintained by interferon (inactivate viruses and degrades cancer cells), phagocytosis, skin, tears and sweat, gastric juices, hair and mucus in the respiratory tract

Specific immunity • It is based on production of a different type of antibody Specific immunity • It is based on production of a different type of antibody against each different type of microorganism antigen

AIDS • AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • AIDS • AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • This can damage the body's immune system so that it cannot fight certain infections