Горнодобывающая промышленность Лекция 3 Geography of mineral resources

Горнодобывающая промышленность Лекция 3

Geography of mineral resources is effected by geology of the territory

In case of Russia and other countries, mining of metallic ores (iron ores (железная руда) and ores of non-ferrous metals (руды цветных металлов) is important part of mining industry. Non-ferrous metals – gold, silver, diamond, cupper, nickel, platinum, tin, lead….

Горнодобывающая промышленность – это комплекс отраслей по добыче и первичной обработке (обогащению) полезных ископаемых: топливная, горнохимическая, горнорудная (добыча руд черных и цветных металлов), добыча строительных материалов, добыча драгоценных металлов и камней.

Добыча полезных ископаемых может вестись: - открытым способом с земной поверхности при неглубоком залегании open cut (open pit) mining ; или - подземным способом (underground mining) при глубоком залегании путем проходки шахт, штолен, а для жидких и газообразных полезных ископаемых - буровых скважин.

Chuguicamata, Chile, site of the largest circumference and second deepest open pit cupper mine in the world.

The open cut iron ore mine of Korshunovskii Mining and Dressing Plant, Nizhneilimskii raion, Irkutskaia оblast‘ (Russia)

underground mining

There are only 10 countries in the world, each of which mines over 30 types of minerals. Data testify, that the main mining states in the world are: Russia, China, USA, Australia, Brasilia, India, SAR, Canada, Iran Mexico.

Горнодобывающая промышленность: глобальный уровень There are three leaders in the field of mining output: now the first place belongs to the USA, then follows China and Russia. These 3 countries mine practically 41% from the total minerals output.

Горнодобывающая промышленность: национальный уровень Russia possesses the third rank in the world in the field of mining output. Russia accounted for about 14% of the world’s total mineral extraction.

Горнодобывающая промышленность России The major resources for mining industry are located in Eastern Russia. A large percentage of Russia’s reserves, however, is in remote northern and eastern regions of the country that have severe climates, lack transport, and are far from major population and industrial centers.

Mining in Japan was a rapidly declining industry in the 1980s.

Ashio cupper mining, Japan

Japan is one of the world’s major importers and consumers of: primary aluminum, cadmium metal, cobalt metal, copper ore and metal, diamond, ferrochromium, ferronickel, fluorspar, gallium metal, gold metal, indium metal, iron ore, lead ore and metal, lithium metal, manganese ore and metal, magnesium, nickel ore and metal, crude petroleum, phosphate rock, platinum group metals, potash, rare earths, industrial salt, silicon metal, silver metal, tin metal, tungsten ore and ammonium tungstate, zinc ore and metal, and zircon.

Japan is one of the world’s major producers and exporters of : fabricated aluminum and copper products, cement and cement products, ceramic products, inorganic chemicals, refined copper, compound fertilizers, electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD), glass and glassware products, high-purity rare (minor) metals, iron and steel, and titanium products. http://www.infomine.com/countries/russia.asp

Горнодобывающая промышленность: развитие отдельных отраслей

Gold mining Gold mining consists of the processes and techniques employed in the removal of gold from the ground. There are several techniques by which gold may be extracted from earth and rock.

Electrical, and electronic uses; industrial arts and crafts; jewelry; and private investment, dental and medical uses, communication apparatus, pottery decorations

Electrical, and electronic uses; industrial arts and crafts; jewelry; and private investment, dental and medical uses, communication apparatus, pottery

The Russian gold mining industry has a history over 300 years long. The first gold bullion was poured following metallurgical processing of complex ores at Nerchinsky mines in 1702. About 16.2 thousand tones of gold have been mined in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russian Federation. In contrast to other countries, Russia has very specific raw material sources: about 70% of gold has been mined from alluvial deposits, 23% from hard rock ones and 7% at composite deposits. The Russian gold mining industry

Russia's gold mining industry is now among the fastest growing worldwide. Until recently, international investors did not pay much attention to gold mining in Russia because of industry disunity and the obsolete technology used for extraction. However, recent corporate consolidation and improvements in legislation such as the Agreement on Section Production have improved the investment climate considerably.

The share of international company in gold production Until recently, international investors did not pay much attention to gold mining in Russia. However, recent corporate consolidation and improvements in legislation such as the Agreement on Section Production have improved the investment climate considerably.

The Russian Government considers gold a strategic national resource and is extremely cautious about allowing foreign investors to develop gold ore deposits directly. Despite this, the gold-mining industry in Russia is an attractive option for foreign investors and companies are fully compensated by economic profitability on capital investments. http://www.australia-week.ru/eng/russia/opportunities/mining/

Добыча золота в России 1990-1998 -20% 1999-2010 +30% Новые проекты по добыче золота!

Samolazovskiy”gold fields, Aldanskiy rayon, Sakha (Yakut) Republic

Temporary houses for mining workers

Valunistyi gold mining, Anadyr raion, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Diamond mining

What do you know about diamonds and diamond industry ?

The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions—exposure of carbon-bearing materials to high pressure

Material properties Hardness Electrical conductivity Some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators Colour and light Pure diamond should transmit visible light and appear as a clear colorless crystal

Geography of diamond mining: world scale

Diamond mining: national scale South Africa's diamond mining industry South Africa's diamond mining industry dates back to 1867, when diamonds were discovered near Kimberley, now in the Northern Cape. The Kimberley diamond fields, and later discoveries in Gauteng, the Free State, and along the Atlantic coast, emerged as major sources of gem-quality diamonds, securing South Africa's position as the world's leading producer in the mid-twentieth century.

Diamond mining: national scale South Africa's diamond mining industry The De Beers Consolidated Mines Company controlled most diamond mining in South Africa and influenced international trade through a diamond-producers' alliance, or cartel--the Central Selling. Diamond prices fluctuated, but the industry continued to expand even in the face of international recession

Gold and diamond mining in developing countries: social problems Gold mining companies traditionally kept expenses to a minimum by paying low wages. Gold mines became known for their often exploitative labor policies, including the use of migrant workers on limited contracts, strict worker control in company compounds, and difficult working conditions. Labor costs were especially important in determining profits.

Nickel mining and production Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni

Nickel is used in many industrial and consumer products, including stainless steel, magnets, coinage, recharabable betteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, and special alloys.

World nickel production Russia was the largest producer of nickel with about one-fifth world share closely followed by Canada, Australia and Indonesia

Nickel ore mining and nickel production is one of Cuba’s most important economic sectors, and the main export. Nickel production: national scale Cuba

Protecting the environment with the reforestation and rehabilitation of areas affected by mining activities, among important initiatives of the country. Nickel production: national scale Cuba

Nickel production: national scale Russia : Mining and Metallurgical Company Norilsk Nickel Mining and Metallurgical Company Norilsk Nickel - is the largest producer of nickel and palladium, and it has a sizable stake in cobalt and platinum production worldwide. Increasing emission of SO2 About 600 thousand hectares of forests died The main polluter of the Arctic

Экологические и социальные проблемы горнодобывающей промышленности

Ecological problems after closure

At Khovu-Aksy (Tyva Republic), the problem of storage of poisonous wastes of the closed cobalt plant is extremely acute. The poisonous cobalt wastes trickle from the storage tanks into the rivers, where they (arsenic, in particular) are several orders of magnitude higher than maximum permissible concentrations. Local people intends , without success, to obtain funds from the federal budget to reinforce the existing repository of poisonous cobalt wastes. Ecological problems after closure

Iultinsky Ore Mining and Dressing Plant in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug closed down in 1994.

Social problems after closure

About 38 abandonment settlements in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug – results of total elimination of production units in 1990s Population change, 1990-2010

Closing down of uranium mines with relocation of the local population followed by abandonment of settlements

Социально-экологические проблемы связанные с действующими горнодобывающими предприятиями: Загрязнение воздуха (особенно SO2) из-за выбросов в атмосферу Загрязнение поверхностных вод Загрязнение почв (особенно тяжелыми металлами) и гибель лесов (Норильск) утилизация отходов. Высокая заболеваемость населения в местах развития горнодобывающей промышленности Налоги связанные с использованием минеральных ресурсов и плата за загрязнение окружающей среды почти не поступают в местный бюджет

Положительное влияние горнодобывающей промышленности Занятость, высокие зарплаты Доходы в бюджеты различных уровней через налоги Использование на новых месторождениях новых экотехнологий Получение предприятиями международных экологических сертификатов качества ISO