French Revolution And Napoleon Chronology l l

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French Revolution And Napoleon

Chronology l l l 1788 -1789—Financial Crisis and Estates General 1789 -1792 --Liberal Revolution 1792 -1794—Radicalization 1794 -1799—Reaction 1799 -1815 --Napoleon

Causes l l l Intellectual Social Political

Intellectual l l l Natural Rights Laissez faire Religious tolerance Social contract Tabula rasa Branches of government Sovereignty of the people

Social Causes l l Estates System First Estate Second Estate Third Estate

First Estate l l l 1% of population 100, 000 -130, 000 people Owned 10% of land Tax-exempt Levied tithe on peasants Most money supported distant bishops or monasteries

Second Estate l l l l Nobility 2 -5% of population 350, 000 members Owned 25 -30% of land Held many government positions Tax-exempt Expanded power at expense of monarchy

Third Estate Everyone else 25 million people 75 -80% of population peasants Collectively owned 35 -40% of land Over half had no land

Peasant taxes l l l Feudal obligations Dues on use of mills, granaries, wine presses, and ovens Corvee—labor dues Gabelle—salt tax Cloth taxes l l Only the third estate paid these taxes, all others were exempt. The third estate did not have a say in the government nor in the taxes that were paid by them

Third Estate, continued l l l Bourgeoisie 8% of population Owned 20% of land Exploited peasants on the land Educated, but no involvement in government

Urban Poor of Paris l l Artisans, factory workers, journeymen Very poor Most politicized group Highly literate

Political Causes l l l Louis XV 1715 -1774 Succeeded Louis XIV at age 5 Poor education Much time with mistresses Nobles regain power that was lost under Louis XIV

Louis’ mistresses l l l l Madame de Pompadour Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson Friends with Voltaire and Montesquieu Met king at masked ball 9/15/1745—King’s mistress Became duchess, Oct 12, 1752 Influenced king to remove her enemies from office and make treaties

Madame Du Barry l l l l Jeanne Becu Educated in Paris 1763, met Jeane du Barry— became his mistress (he was a pimp) 1768, met Louis XV She had to marry to be king’s mistress, so she married Jeane’s brother After king’s death, took other lovers Guillotined 1793

Parlements of France l l l French kings had taken all power from nobility 13 Distinct regions in France—controlled by a Parlements had 50 -130 members – – – Local judges Legal elites Tried cases for theft, murder, forgery, libel Public censors Fixed bread prices

Parlements, continued l l Hated by everyone, including king Intendents were selected by king to head parlements Intendents arbitrarily taxed and arrested peasants Parlement of Paris began to claim right of veto over king

Financial Problems l l l l 1787 -1788—poor harvests led to food shortages, rising prices, unemployment Richest people not taxed 28% increase in taxes, including gabelle and taille (but only affected third estate) Dependency on foreign loans Seven Years’ War—losses of India and Canada American Revolution—France paid for it Cost of Versailles—only 5% of state revenue By 1780 s, government was bankrupt— 1/2 of income paid on debts (debt was 4 Billion livres)

Let Them Eat Cake! Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y “Madame Deficit” Y “The Austrian Whore”

The French Urban Poor

Financial Problems in France, 1789 l Urban Commoner’s Budget: – – – Food 80% Rent 25% Tithe 10% Taxes 35% Clothing 20% TOTAL 170% l King’s Budget: – – – – Interest 50% Army 25% Versailles 25% Coronation 10% Loans 25% Admin. 25% TOTAL 160%

Efforts to fix finances l l l Jacques Necker Hid real problems from French people—said if Am rev. not fought, finances would be o. k. Introduced more equitable tax system to fund national debt Dismissed, then re-appointed; Urged king to call Estates General (first time since 1614)

Charles Alexander de Calonne l l l l Financial minister Raised loans to pay debts National spending policy implemented—to inspire confidence in finances of state Called for direct land tax Stamp tax Reduction of privileges of clergy and nobility Forced to flee—opposed by nobility

Assembly of Notables 1787 l l l Upper ranks of aristocracy and Clergy Called to outflank parlements Wanted greater role for aristocracy Called for re-appointment of Necker Government could not demand new taxes, only Estates General could do that Etienne Charles Lomenie de Brienne was appointed after Calonne; tried to get Parlements to accept changes without calling Estates General; no good

1788 Coup d’etat of Parlements l l Parlement of Paris rejects King’s attempts to force change: King abolishes parlement Registration of laws now to be in plenary court of France Anarchy and revolts around France resulted Nobles refused to modernize , so Estates General was called

Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

Estates General l l Representatives from all three estates First and second estates: 300 members Third estate: 600 members Third estate wanted to establish a constitutional government to fix financial problems and exemptions of clergy and nobility

Problems with Estates General Third estate demanded that each representative have one vote, which would give them a majority l King disagreed: wanted traditional system: each estate had one vote l Much political excitement came out of this l

The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 Clergy 1 st Estate Aristocracy 2 nd Estate 1 Commoners 3 rd Estate

The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 Clergy 1 st Estate Aristocracy 2 nd Estate 300 648 Commoners 3 rd Estate

“The Third Estate Awakens”

l Abbe Sieyes published “What is the Third Estate? ” l Cahiers de Doleances presented by third estate l Third estate changed its name to the National Assembly—June 17, 1789.

Cahiers de Doleances l laws prepared by the States General and sanctioned by the king shall be binding upon all classes of citizens

l Deputies of the Third Estate, or their president or speaker, shall preserve the same attitude and demeanor as the representatives of the two upper orders, when they address the sovereign.

l Personal liberty, proprietary rights and the security of citizens shall be established in a clear, precise and irrevocable manner.

More Grievances l letters shall never be opened in transit l All distinctions in penalties shall be abolished

l All kinds of torture, the rack and the stake, shall be abolished. Sentence of death shall be pronounced only for atrocious crimes and in rare instances, determined by the law.

l the establishment of the new taxes shall be paid by the three orders l All relics of serfdom, agrarian or personal, still remaining in certain provinces, shall be abolished.

Abolition of Taxes Of the taille; l Of the gabelle; *of the corvee *of the ferme of tobacco l Of the aides; *of the registry duties l Of the free-hold tax; *of the taxes on leather l Of the government stamp upon iron; l

l Of the stamps upon gold and Silver; l Of the interprovincial customs duties; l Of the taxes upon fairs and markets; l Finally, of all taxes that are burdensome and oppressive, shall be replaced with other taxes,

“The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

Tennis Court Oath l l June 20, 1789, Third Estate locked out of meeting hall; moved to indoor handball court and swore to meet until a French Constitution was written King opposed this, but majority of clergy and some nobles joined it

National Constituent Assembly l June 27 th, king capitulated; ordered all estates to meet and accepts vote by head l But, Louis tries to re-assert his authority:

Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789

Storming of Bastille Rising bread prices cause riots Paris had been politicized since the Estates General had been elected; Citizen militia had been organized and acted when king attacked National Assembly l

l Sends 18, 000 troops to attack National Assembly (Marie Antoinette advises him to do this) l Two mass uprisings save National Assembly

The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt July 20, 1789

Great Fear l l l Massive revolts spread throughout France Fear that Royal troops would be sent to countryside next Destruction of medieval documents, chateaus, Refusal to pay feudal dues Caused National Assembly to abolish feudal dues in August

National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité! August Decrees August 4 -11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) V Equality & Meritocracy

Ideological Actions of National Constituent Assembly l l l All French subject to same laws Abolished feudal regime, tithes, hunting rights, purchased offices Declaration of Rights of Man – – – Equality before the law Due process Natural rights Sovereignty resides in the Nation Freedom of religion, speech, separation of powers Law is expression of General Will

The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen!

The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

Olympe de Gouges (1745 -1793) Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791)

Rights of Women? l l Olympe de Gouges refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights Wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen Called for same rights as man National Assembly ignored her pleas

King forced to move to Paris l l Louis refused to sign Declaration of Rights of Man October 5, 1789: Women of Paris march on Versailles: 7, 000 strong Demanded bread, Marie Antoinette; stayed overnight; Louis signs Declaration, but too late: King is forced to return to Paris, which he does Peace at hand for three years

National Constituent Assembly’s Governing l Massive problems of control l Would not repudiate the state debt l Many representatives were owed money by the State

Administration l Provinces replaced by 83 Departments l Abolished parlements l Same sort of courts and laws applied throughout France

83 Revolutionary Departments February 26, 1790

Economic Liberalism l Gets rid of tariffs l Uniform weights and measures— metric system l Suppressed guilds and forbid workers’ associations l Chapelier Law 6/14/1791—forbid Unions lasted 75 years

State Debt l Attack the Church l Issue Printed bonds: assignats, value based on the value of Church lands l Used as money

Assignats V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.

The Confiscation of Church Lands 1790

Church Reforms l National Assembly seized and sold church lands for money l Civil Constitution of the Clergy implemented: – Bishops and priests elected by people and paid by state – Religious orders abolished

l Assembly required clergy to pledge an oath to oppose the pope—only half did l Pope condemned the Revolution l Catholics become enemies of the Revolution l Attacking the church was a serious mistake—emigres begin to leave; peasants do not support it

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government Y The king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years]. * he could not pass laws. * his ministers were responsible for their own actions. Y A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. * had the power to grant taxation. Y An independent judiciary. Y “Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] vs. “Passive” Citizen. Y A newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY.

New Constitution of 1791 l Limited monarchy l Legislative Assembly created all laws l Assembly had 745 representatives – Only affluent could be elected – Only men over 25 who paid enough taxes could vote (50, 000) – Old order destroyed, many unhappy with new order – National Assembly Members not eligible for election

King Destabilizes the Liberal Revolution l King’s attitude makes the constitution of 1791 impossible l No strong executive personality, except for King’s ministers

Louis tries to escape l l l Fearing mobs, Louis XVI tries to flee to Varennes Dressed as servants, was almost successful Recognized and arrested Entire family hauled back to Paris Later tried for treason

Legislative Assembly Formed l Constituent Assembly ended in September, 1791; Legislative Assembly meets October 1, 1791 l War is promoted to solve domestic problems l Church still controlled by State

Reaction Abroad l Edmund Burke: Reflections on the French Revolution, 1790 l Thomas Paine: Rights of Man 1791 l Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792

Reaction Abroad--leaders l William Pitt: turned against reform; curbed freedom of press l Catherine II burned Voltaire's books l Francis II of Austria becomes a counterrevolutionary leader l End of Enlightened Despotism l Poland dismembered

War with Austria l l Leaders of other countries feared that revolution would spread to their countries Austria and Prussia threaten use of force to restore Louis XVI to throne Legislative Assembly declares war on Austria in spring of 1792 Initial losses in war cause demonstrations in Paris

Paris Commune l l Radical political groups attack royal palace and Legislative Assembly King is captured New National Convention called, to be elected by universal male suffrage Power passes to Paris Commune: sans-coulottes

By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY

Attitudes & actions of monarchy & court Fear of Counter. Revolution Religious divisions The Causes of Instability in France 1792 - 1795 Economi c Crises War Political divisions

The National Convention MThe Decree of Fraternity * it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments. When France sneezes, all of Europe catches cold!

The First Coalition & The Brunswick Manifesto. Family is harmed, Duke of Brunswick if the Royal Paris will be leveled!! FRANCE 1792 1797 AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT

French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie!

The Storming of the Tuilieres: August 9 -10, 1792

The September Massacres, 1792 M Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood. ”] M Over 1, 000 Parisians killed!

The First French Republic: 1792 -1795

The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House

A Jacobin Club Meeting

The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working Class

The Sans-Culottes Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

The Political Spectrum TODAY: 1790 s: Montagnards The Plain (uncommitted) Girondists (“The Mountain”) Monarchíen (Royalists) Jacobins

The Politics of the National Convention (17921795) Montagnards « Power base in Paris. « Main support from the sans-culottes. « Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their goals. « Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution. « More centralized [in Paris] approach to government. Girondists « Power base in the provinces. « Feared the influence of the sans-culottes. « Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics. « Supported more national government centralization [federalism].

Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 1. Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris try suspected counter-revolutionaries. A. Representatives-on-Mission * sent to the provinces & to the army. * had wide powers to oversee conscription. B. Watch Committees [comité de surveillance] * keep an eye on foreigners & suspects. C. sanctioned the trial & execution of rebels and émigrés, should they ever return to France.

Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 2. The printing of more assignats to pay for the war. 3. Committee of Public Safety [CPS] * to oversee and speed up the work of the govt. during this crisis. 4. Committee of General Security [CGS] * responsible for the pursuit of counter-revolutionaries, the treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters.

Committee for Public Safety M Revolutionary Tribunals. M 300, 000 arrested. M 16, 000 – 50, 000 executed.

Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794)

Jean-Paul Marat (1744 – 1793)

“The Death of Marat” by Jacques Louis David, 1793

The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday, 1793

The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday (Paul Jacques Aimee Baudry, 19 c)

The Levee en Masse: An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500, 000 Soldiers An army based on merit, not birth!

Legislation Passed by the National Convention 1. Law of General Maximum * September 5, 1793. * Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 figures. * Prices would be strictly enforced. * Hoarders rooted out and punished. * Food supplies would be secured by the army! 2. Law of Suspects * September 17, 1793. * This law was so widely drawn that almost anyone not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest!

The Reign of Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order of the day!

The Guillotine: An Enlightenment Tool? Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens; By your influence divine, We have reconquered our rights. Come to aid of the Country And let your superb instrument Become forever permanent To destroy the impious sect. Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agents Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants.

The “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939.

Louis XVI as a Pig

Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793)

The Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet Matter for reflection for the crowned jugglers. So impure blood doesn’t soil our land!

Marie Antoinette as a Serpent

Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

War of Resistance to the Revolution, 1793

Vendee Revolt, 1793 Drowning the Traitors!

Why was there a Revolt in the Vendee? 1. The need for 300, 000 French troops for the war effort. 2. Rural peasantry still highly taxed. 3. Resentment of the Civil Constitution the Clergy. 4. Peasants had failed to benefit from the sale of church lands. TARGETS: Local gvt. officials National Guardsmen Jurying priests

The Contrast: “British Liberty / French Liberty”

The Contrast: “French Liberty / British Slavery”

Religious Terror: De-Christianization (1793 -1794) M The Catholic Church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution. M Religion was associated with the Ancien Régime and superstitious practices. M Very popular among the sans-culottes. M Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization Program 1. The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: * abolished Sundays & religious holidays. * months named after seasonal features. * 7 -day weeks replaced by 10 -day decades. * the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

A Republican Calendar

The New Republican Calendar New Name Meaning Time Period Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21 Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20 Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20 Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19 Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18 Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20 Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19 Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19 Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18 Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18 Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17 Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

A New Republican Calendar Year I 1792 – 1793 II 1793 – 1794 III 1794 – 1795 IV 1795 – 1796 V 1796 – 1797 VI 1797 – 1798 VII 1798 – 1799 VIII 1799 – 1800 IX 1800 – 1801 X 1801 – 1802 XI 1802 – 1803 XII 1803 – 1804 XIII 1804 – 1805 XIV 1805 The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

The De-Christianization Program 2. The public exercise of religion was banned. 3. The Paris Commune supported the: * destruction of religious & royal statues. * ban on clerical dress. * encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. 4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason. ” 5. The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens.

The “Temple of Reason” Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

The Festival of Supreme Being A new secular holiday.

M Backlash to the De-Christianization Program It alienated most of the population (especially in the rural areas). M Robespierre never supported it. * he persuaded the Convention to reaffirm the principle of religious toleration. M Decree on the “Liberty of Cults” was passed * December 6, 1793. * BUT, it had little practical effect!

The Terror Intensified: March to July, 1794 Jacques Hébert & the Hérbetists Executed in March, 1794. Danton & the “Indulgents” Executed in April, 1794. Ô Law of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794]. * Trials were now limited to deciding only on liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights. * Were you an “enemy of the people? ” (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!) Ô 1, 500 executed between June & July.

French Victory at Fleurus « June 26, 1794. « France defeated Austria. « This opened the way to the reoccupation of Belgium!

The “Thermidorean Reaction, ” 1794 P July 26 Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies. * he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. * many felt threatened by his implications. P July 27 the Convention arrests Robespierre. P July 28 Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children! Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.