Foreign Policy of The Russian Empire in the

Foreign Policy of The Russian Empire in the Second Half 19 th Century. of The Russo – Turkish War. Prepared by student of the group 2110 FF Delyavskaya Maria

Main directions of the foreign policy. 1. European policy 2. Eastern crisis 3. Expanding of political territory of Russian Empire and joining The Middle Asia 4. Far Eastern Policy 5. The development of relationships with the USA

European policy. Russian Empire was struggling hard in order to get rid of conditions of the French peace agreement (1856 year). Also the main target was to overcome the international isolation of Russia.

During the period of 1870 -1871 the Franco-Prussian War happened. It caused the appearance of the German Empire in 1871, which also lead to the formation of “The alliance of Three Emperors”(1873 -1878).

Results of European policy. In October 1870 Russia rejected the conditions of peace agreement of 1856. In March 1871 London convention was hold in order to alter aspects of French agreement. As the result: Russia returned a status of powerful country among other European ones.

Eastern crisis. The Russo. Turkish War. the war: Main reasons of In 1876 the Serb-Turkish War produced an outburst of Pan. Slav feeling in Russia. Aggravation of the Eastern Question and aspiration of Russia to play an important role in the international politics again were also the causes. Refusing of the Turkey to satisfy Russia’s ultimatum to stop aggression towards Serbia.

The beginning of The War. Part 1. 1875 – Rebellion in Bosnia and Herzegovina April, 1876 – Rebellion in Bulgaria June, 18756 – Serbia and Cherno – Goriya declared war on Turkey, Russia meanwhile was accumulating sources to provide needful help for rebels and also recruited people. October, 1876 – Serbian army was defeated nearby of Dunish, Russia made of demands towards Turkey to stop any military activities.

Course of events during The Russo-Turkish War. Part 2. The Russo – Turkish War on the territory of Balkans and Caucasus. Date Balkans April, 1877 Russian army defeated Turkish fortress on Dunay river May, 1877 Caucasus Russian troops entered the Russo – Turkish frontier on the Caucasus. Conquered of the fortress Bayzet Blocation of the fortress Cars June, 1877 Crossing the Dunay by Russian troops July - August, 1877 Changing of location by the Russian army on the Balkans. Assault of the fortress Plevna November, 1877 Captivation of the Plevna Defence of the fortress Bayzet Taking by assault of the Cars

Date Balkans Caucasus December, 1877 Winter crossing of Russian army through the Balkans and invasion into the southern Bulgaria Establishment of the blocade by Russian of the fortress Erzurum January, 1878 Conquered of the Sofia and Adrianople. As the result – way to Constantinople February, 10 th, 1878 February, 12 th, 1878 Conquered of the fortress Erzurum Conquered of San Stefano

Treaty of San – Stefano The Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877– 78. It was signed on March 3, 1878 at San Stefano, by Count Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and Alexander Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty also established Bulgaria as an autonomous principality. March 3, the day the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, is celebrated as Liberation Day in Bulgaria.

Reaction The Great Powers were unhappy with this extension of Russian power, and Serbia and Greece feared the establishment of Greater Bulgaria would harm their interests in the Ottoman heritage. This prompted the Great Powers to obtain a revision of this treaty through the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. Romania, which had contributed significantly to the victory in the war, was extremely disappointed by the treaty, and the Romanian public perceived some its stipulations as Russia breaking the Russo. Romanian prewar treaties that guaranteed the integrity of Romanian territory. Austria-Hungary was disappointed with the treaty as she failed to expand her influence in Bosnia-Herzegovinia.

The international Congress of Berlin At the international Congress of Berlin, held in June 1878, Russia had to accept a much smaller Bulgaria. This was regarded by Russian public opinion as a bitter humiliation, for which the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck was blamed. In 1885– 87 a new international crisis was caused by Russian interference in Bulgarian affairs, with Britain and Austria-Hungary again opposing Russia.

Middle Asia policy In order to prevent the strengthening of British influence in these territories, the Imperial government tried to take control over them. In the 1840 -1850 Kazakhstan became part of the Russian Empire. In 1865, Russian troops under the command of General Mikhail Cherniaev had seized Tashkent. Here was established the Turkestan General – governorship. In 1868, Russian troops took possession of Samarkand, smashing the main forces of the Emirate of Bukhara and forcing him to acknowledge vassalage to Russia. From the troops of General M. Skobelev was defeated the Kokand khanate. In 1876 it became part of the Turkestan Generalgovernorship.

Russo – Chinese relationships In 1860, by the Treaty of Beijing, Russia acquired from China a long strip of Pacific coastline south of the mouth of the Amur and began to build the naval base of Vladivostok. Together with the French and German governments, the Russians demanded that the Japanese return to China the Liaodong Peninsula, which they had taken in the treaty of peace. Russia then concluded an alliance with China in 1896, which included the establishment of the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, which was to cross northern Manchuria from west to east, linking Siberia with Vladivostok, and was to be administered by Russian personnel and a Russian police force with extraterritorial rights.

Far Eastern Policy In 1855 was signed the Shimoda Treaty, in which the Kuril Islands were considered as the territory of Russia, and Sakhalin island was established joint ownership of Russia and Japan. However, in the mid-70 s, in order to avoid complications with Japan on the delimitation of the disputed territories in the context of the impending war with Turkey, Russia agreed to a new contract. He was signed in 1875 in St. Petersburg, according to the agreement, the Kuril Islands were ceded to Japan, and Sakhalin became a possession of Russia.

The development of relationships with the USA In 1867 the Russian government sold Alaska to the United States for $7. 2 million. As the result – Russia got rid of the unneedful territory which costed too much to be hold in possession.

Results of foreign policy in th century the end of 19 Remaining the status of the powerful state on the international surface. Expanding of the territory in Eastern and Far Eastern directions. Establishment of the connections between Britain and Russia, Russia and Japan. Appearance of new disagreements between Russia and European countries which will lead to the future conflicts.

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