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ENGLISH VOWELS: ARTICULATORY CLASSIFICATION Bilan Tetiana
English vowels are classified according to the following criteria: 1. stability of articulation; 2. length of articulation; 3. tongue position; 4. tenseness; 5. lip position.
ENGLISH CONSONANTS: ARTICULATORY CLASSIFICATION
English consonants are defined as speech sounds in the production of which: 1. there is an articulatory obstruction; 2. muscular tension is concentrated at the place of articulation; 3. the air-pressure is rather strong.
SPEECH SOUNDS: THE FUNCTIONAL ASPECT
Speech is the manifestation of language. Spoken language is a continuum of sound. Speech sounds or segments when studied in isolation as abstract linguistic units are called phonemes. The complete set of phonemes is called the phonemic structure of language. The different phonetic realizations of a phoneme are called allophones.
The number of phonemes in each language is much smaller than the number of sounds actually produced. It is necessary to know how speech sounds are produced and how they function as the medium of human communication.
Theory of the phoneme. The definitions of the ‘phoneme’ vary. Most linguists consider the phoneme as the basic language unit. Schools of phonology. Leningrad Phonological School (L. V. Sherba): phonemes are "sound types which are capable of distinguishing the meaning and the form of words". A phoneme is an autonomous unit. Moscow Phonological School (R. I. Avanesov, P. S. Kuznetsov, A. A. Reformatsky): a phoneme is the smallest sound unit. Phonemes constitute the sound forms of morphemes and words. Copenhahen Linguistic School, or Danish Structuralism (L. Helmslev, H. J. Uldall, K. Togby): A phoneme has no meaning of its own, but it helps to differentiate between the meanings of larger units (words). Prague Linguistic School (N. S. Trubetskoi, A. Martine): A phoneme is a constituent of the sound form of words. Such elements are similar in different words. Comparison of words and word-forms which differ in one sound results in distinguishing phonemic oppositions (contrasting pairs of sounds/ minimal pairs). American School of Descriptive Linguistics (K. L. Pike, Ch. Hockett): introduced the definition of an allophone as a positional variant of one and the same phoneme. The school considered various types of contexts (distributions) in which phonemes can occur. A phoneme as a sound type is represented by its allophones.
Phonemic oppositions are the pairs of phonemes that have integral features, but are opposed to each other by one or several differential features.
Neutralization of phonemic oppositions occurs in one-feature opposition, when one of its members loses its differential feature while used in a weak position. Thus, the opposition is reduced to one member, e. g. Russ. /кот/ “код” : : /кот/ “кот” – /д/ : : /т/ = /т/. Allophones are positional variants of one and the same phoneme. Unlike phonemes, allophones don’t differentiate between meanings: e. g. short and long vowels in Ukrainian /'мама/ & ['ма: ма]; aspirated and non-aspirated consonants in English /pet/ & [phet]. These sounds differ in one articulatory feature only.
Allophones occur in different positions in the word (i. e. different environments). Allophones can’t contrast with each other. Principal allophones do not undergo any great changes in speech Subsidiary allophones are those, articulation of which is influenced by neighbouring sounds. Such changes are quite predictable e. g. door, darn, down – /d/ retains its typical articulatory characteristics.
Such changes are quite predictable
Allophones of the same phoneme: - possess similar articulatory features (the same invariant); - can show considerable phonetic differences.
Phonological mistake: an allophone of some phoneme is replaced by an allophone of a different phoneme; the meaning of the word is inevitably affected. E. g. /i: / in “beat” may become slightly more open, or may no longer be diphthongized – “beat” may be perceived as quite a different word “bit”. Phonetic mistake: an allophone of some phoneme is replaced by another allophone of the same phoneme; the meaning of the word is not affected; the accent occurs (see Supplement E).
Transcription is a set of symbols representing speech sounds. Phonemic (broad) transcription provides special symbols for all the phonemes of the language; it incorporates as much phonetic information as it is necessary to distinguish the functioning of the language sounds. Allophonic (narrow) transcription suggests special symbols to denote allophonic modifications, e. g. [khu: l] – the symbol [h] indicates aspirated articulation.
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BILAN T..pptx