Concept, Types and Forms of Employment

Concept, Types and Forms of Employment Savchenko Oksana Group 23 —

Employment asaasa socialandeconomic category isatotalityof economic , , legal , , social , , national andtheother relations whichare connectedwith provision labour force with jobjob sandtheir participationin socialutility activity whichbringsthem income. .

Employeescanorganizeintotradeor laborunions, whichrepresentthework forcetocollectivelybargainwiththe managementoforganisationsabout workingandcontractualconditions.

Types of employment Full Employment Asituationinwhichallavailablelaborresources arebeingusedinthemosteconomicallyefficient way. Fullemploymentembodiesthehighest amountofskilledandunskilledlaborthatcould beemployedwithinaneconomyatanygiven time. Theremainingunemploymentisfrictional.

Effective employment ss ecure sbalance between demand andand supply oflabourforce, accordance available amount ofof workingposition with professionally — qualification labourforce.

RR ational employment. Isdefinedwithefficiencyoflabouractivity andwithcombinationof ff ull and ee ffective employment. Itdefinedwithsocialutilityof rr esult softhe work , , with optimality ofof social divisionoflabour , with economic expediency ofof working places.

Formsofemployment Full-time permanent work isregularand ongoingworkofbetween 35 to 45 hours (full-timeemployeesarepaidaweekly wageandyearlysalary)whichincludes non-wageentitlementsandbenefitslike paidholidayleave, sickleaveand long-serviceleave.

Part-time permanent work isregularand ongoing, involvesfewerhoursthanfull-timework andusuallysetdaysorsethours. Non-wage benefitsandentitlements(sickleave, annual leaveandholidaypay)arereceivedbypart-time employeesonapro-rata(proportional)basis. Sickleaveisbasedonthehoursworkedover twoweeksandannualleaveonhoursworked overfourweeks. Awardsandagreements(legal documentsspecifyingminimumpayand conditions)mayspecifythehoursofpart-time work.

Casual work — employeesareemployedonanirregular basisasneeded. Theycanworkasmanyhoursas agreed(betweentheemployerandtheemployee). They: -havenoexpectationofongoingemployment; -arefreetorefuseoffersofwork; -arepaidaloading(aminimumof 20 percent, butsome awardsprovideforahigherloading), butnopersonalor sickleaveorannualleaveentitlement; -areentitledtounpaidbereavementleave; and -areentitledtolongserviceleave(conditionsapply).

Self-employed -workersarealsoknownas independentcontractorsorsub-contractors. Thesepeopleworkforthemselves, sothey controlthehoursandamountofworktheydo. Manytradespeople, forexample, are self-employedoraresub-contractedby businesseslikerealestateagents. Thereare certaintaxationbenefitsforself-employed workerstocompensatefortherisksofnot findingwork. Self-employedworkersarereliant ontheavailabilityofworkintheirparticularfield.

Fixed term employment (alsoknownas contractwork)isusedforsingleprojects ortoreplaceworkersonleave. Itis commonforfixedtermemployeestonot receiveentitlementslikepaidsickleave.

Apprenticeships and traineeships arefixedterm employments(usuallythreetofiveyears)forthe purposeofemploymenttraining. Apprentices typicallylearnatrade, suchasplumbing, and traineestypicallylearnnon-tradesoccupations, suchassecretarialwork. Apprenticesand traineesusuallyperformworkdutieson-siteand learnaboutthejoboff-siteaswell. Aspecified baserateofpayisgiventocoverthe employmentperiod, whichworkslikea study-basedpayment.

Probationary employment isastandard requirementforemployeescommencing full-timeorpart-timework. Itinvolvesan initialperiodofemployment, usuallyoneto sixmonths, whereemployersassess whetheranemployeeiscapableoffulfilling therequirementsofajob. Ifthisisthe case, employmentisusuallythen confirmedpermanentpart-timeor permanentfull-time.

Piece work isemploymentwherea personreceivespaymentforacertain numberofitems, forexamplefiveboxesof fruitforafruitpickerorameasured amountofacommodity, forexampleone tonneofsand.

Voluntary work isunpaidwork. Many charities(non-profitorganisations)relyon voluntaryworkers, becausetheirmain purposeistoprovidefreeservicestothe community, forexample. Mealson. Wheels fortheagedpopulation. Peoplework voluntarilyforanumberofreasons includingtousefreetimeproductively, to developskills, tohelpthecommunityorto contributetofundraising.

Commission-based employment ispay basedonreachingsalestargets. A commissionisusuallyapercentagerateof payperitemsold. A’commissionand retainer’employmentincludesabasepay ratepluscommissions, whichworklike bonuses.

Wage labour Wagelabour(orwagelabor)is thesocioeconomicrelationshipbetween aworkerandanemployer, wherethe workersellstheirlabourunderaformalor informalemploymentcontract. These transactionsusuallyoccurinalabour marketwherewagesaremarket determined.

Work. Time Anormalworkweekiseighthoursperday 5 daysa week(40 hoursperweek). Foremployeeswhosejob positionnaturallyrequirestoworkinexcessof 8 hours adayfromtimetotime Workonweekends, holidays, duringnightimeispermittedwithoutany specialauthorisation, ifjustiedbythenatureof businessandappropriatelycompensated(normally, atdoubleoftheemployee’susualrate). Alternative workhoursarrangementsarepossible, whichallow individualstowork 60 -hours’weeks. Thedurationandnumberofbreaksdependsonthe totalnumberofhoursworkedperday. Employeesare entitledtoatleastonemealbreakofatleast 30 Minutes.

Ending employment Usually, eitheranemployeeoremployer mayendtherelationshipatanytime. This isreferredtoasat-willemployment. The contractbetweenthetwopartiesspecifies theresponsibilitiesofeachwhenending therelationshipandmayinclude requirementssuchasnotice periods, severancepay, andsecurity measures.