Classifications of Attractions in Poland Natural and antropogenic

Classifications of Attractions in Poland Natural and antropogenic attractions

Classifications of tourism in Poland • We can choose touristic movment into 3 groups as far as considering the motives of travelers: • ‐ leisure tourism • ‐ recreational tourism • ‐ specialistic tourism (qualified)

In terms of timing of the touristic journey we can split tourism into: ‐ Holiday tourism (long term) ‐ Short-term tourism (weekends, state holidays etc. ) ‐ Holiday tourism travels are those for weeks‐ months during holiday time in summer or winter ‐ ‐ short‐ term travels are those taken up during weekends, state celebrations off‐days during the week. They usually last 1‐ 2, rarely 3‐ 4 days.

W. W. Gaworecki (2000) states social‐, • • recreational‐, • specialistic‐, • health‐, • incentive‐, • business‐, • congres‐, • sea‐, • ethnic‐, forms of tourism • alternative‐, • cultural‐, • agrotouristic‐, religious‐, • weekend‐ .

The most important factor of tourism is attractiveness. It is a complex concept. It is also synonimous with tourist value in Polish tourism literature. The region, place or trail is attractive if it fulfils 3 conditions‐ • it is ranked high in terms of tourist attractions, • it is available in terms of communication easily and • it has touristic infrastructure (Rogalewski 1979)

Definition of tourist value • Tourist values can be defined as specific characteristics and elements of natural environment and signs of human activity which are the object of interest of tourists. The tourist values can be divided into the following categories in terms of touristic movement miotives ‐ Leisure values, they are the subject of physical and psychical recovery ‐ Sightseeing values‐ they scope of visiting new places ‐ Specialistic values‐ they concentrate on various forms of outdoor activity

Leisure values • Considering leisure values we define the set of conditions necessary for resting. The other group of characteristics encompasses conditions which encrease the value of the destination (J. Wyrzykowski 1975). • The necessary conditions: ‐ Fresh air ‐ Outside city location ‐ Attractive landscape (relief) ‐ Quiteness of the place (calm)

Additional conditions of leisure values • The conditions encrease to tourist value of a destination: ‐ Special landscapes ‐ Good conditions for outdoor activity (summer) ‐ Mild climate ‐ Health values (mineral water, spa)

Rogalewski includes in sightseeing values: • Characteristic sets of landscapes and particularities which are defined as natural environemt values • Folklore, local ceremonies, local handicrafts, local arts units, relicts of local material culture, they are all vales of traditional local culture • bulidings, arts as paintings, sculptures, etc. ‐ material ancient monuments • Objects of up‐to‐date economy, technology, science and culture , they are generally called humankind values

Sightseeing values • According to many scholars the sightseeing values can be divided into charcteristic categories: ‐ natural environment values - antropogenic values

Specialist values • Specialist values encompass these characteristics and elements of the natural environment that enable the outdoor activity as: sailing, trekking, climbing, hunting, horse riding, angling etc.

Transport services • Transport service means the possibility to get from the place of residence to the place of destination by any mode of transportation. It can be either a car, train, plan, buss or walking.

Tourist infrastructure • Tourist infrastructure all the amenities wich are used by tourists.

Methods of evaluation of geographical environment for tourism • ‐ „Metoda bonitacji punktowej” – it does not have a reference to English specialistic literature. • It was firstly used by S. Leszczycki 1937 to search the attractiveness of Podhale region. It is a qunatitive method of search. It appoints every pattern of environment points. The total gives rank of the attractiveness.

Evaluation of the Bolimowski forest by metoda bonitacji punktowej Forests are the main attraction of the landscape of Area. They are protected as Bolimowski Landscape Park. They encompass 32% of the total area. How to evaluate its attractiveness? The forest is attractive visually when trees meet with the different type of landscape, for example at the forest edge. Therefore the criterium os the lenght of the tree line. If a tree line in a quadrat is: • A)Longer than 2, 5 km – 5 p. • B) 2 -2, 5 km- 4 p. • C) 1, 5 -2 km- 3 p. • D) 1 -1, 5 km- 2 p. • E) 1 - 0, 5 km- 1 p. • F) less than 0, 5 km- 0 p.

Methods of search of tourist movement • Hotel method‐ all guests at hotels are recoreded and the monthly report to the tax offices. They also inform about occupancy of the hotel. • Border method- all the travelers are counted at border crossings • Survey method‐ It is a qunatitive technique. It is often refferd to the questionnaire technique since it relies on asking questions and collecting and interpreting data. The survey method encloses factiual survey, opinion survey or interpretive survey which can be conducted by personal interview, e‐mail or post. Telephone is a popular way too. • Observational method relies directly on observation of the physical phenomenon and gathering data about its actions. Observing some action is more objective than questionnaire and accurate than utilising method of survey. The obsevation can be mechanical or personal. The automatic cameras can count for example the number of cars in the street.

Tourism Sattelite Account • • • Tourism sattelite account What is tourism sattelite account? A sattelite account is a system of completing the statistical data on tourism developed and implemented by World Tourism Organization. They are not measured as the countries economy branches but they are regarded as a complex. Tourism, is regarded as amalgama of transportation, hotels, catering, guiding services etc. Tourism is a unique phenomen and it is regarded also as a consumption field. Tourists buy services like hotel, food and other services which are directly and indirectly connected with tourism. How to measure those touristic expenditures separately? They key measurement of that point is to add purchases of the tourists to the general account of the country. The TSA is a new statistical system of account designed to measure the goods and services according to the general procedures and standards. They allow for valid comparisons and analisys with other industries and in the country and other countires. The measures can be also compared with other international measurements. In addition the TSA has the following surplused characteristics: ‐ provides the credible data on influence of tourism and the other industries ‐ it is a standard framework on statistical data on tourism ‐ it is a new standard of technique of collecting statistics approved by United Nation ‐ ‐it is a powerful instrument of implementing of policies to the tourism industry ‐ it provides data of tourism impact on the country’s balance of payment ‐ it provides data on tourism human resources characteristcs

• The TSA is regarded in a manner which it seeks in the balance of payment tourism demand versus balance of payment. Tourism measurements must be creditable, and they must follow the stated procedure which is internationally accepted and measured. The fundamental structure of TSA lies in the balance between on one hand demand for goods on the other hand on the supplies of these goods and services to the market. The idea is to analizę in detail the demand on goods and services in the economy of the country as general. Specificaly the TSA measures: • ‐ tourism contribute to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) • ‐ tourism’s ranking to the other economies’ sectors • ‐ the number of jobs created in the tourism industry • ‐ the amount of tourism investment • ‐ tax revenues generated by tourism industry • ‐ tourism consumption • ‐ tourism’s impact on the nation’s balance of payment • ‐ charcteristics of the tourism industry human resources • • The system has a comprehensive nature, and the nit provides the marketers and policymakers to implement general strategies. In particular it rpvodes them with the statistical data on tourism and impact of the tourism industry on the economy.

Tourism Sattelite Account for Poland Since the beginning of the current century, the Ministry of Sport and Tourism in Poland has worked towards the regular collection of data to provide an account of the value of tourism to ist economy. The first account was provided in 2000 and these are now published annually. They are to find at Eurostat‐ European Union statistics office. • The reports provide details on the following matters: • ‐ total tourism expnediture, including separate figures for international and national tourism • ‐ direct contribution of tourism to GDP • ‐ indirect value of tourism • ‐ employment in tourism, including figures for part‐time employment Poland’s tourist satellite account 2013 • Tourism expenditure • Inbound 37, 9 mld PLN • Domestic 25, 7 mld Pln • GDP • Direct contribution 34, 7 mld pln 2, 1% of GDP • Indirect contribution 22, 6 mld pln • Employment • Full‐ time employment 334 000 2, 2% This includes employment by hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services (excluding commuter services). It also includes, for example, the activities of the restaurant and leisure industries directly supported by tourists. • Total employment 792 500 5, 1% of total employment

• In order to assess the level of development of the tourist attractiveness analysis can be performed. For this aim a set of the following three measures was used: • ‐ tourist accommodation density ‐ the number of bed places per 1 km 2 of total area, called the Charvat index; • ‐ tourist function index – the number of tourist bed places per 100 permanent inhabitants– the Baretje and Defert index; • ‐ tourist traffic intensity index by ‐ the ratio of accommodated tourists per 1000 permanent residents, called the Schneider index.

Baretje’a Defert index

Leisure tourism values of Poland‐ general characteristic • Since it is not the easy to generalize about leisure tourism in Poland the simplest way is the method of excluding the areas which do not fulfil the basic conditions for tourism (Lijewski, Mikułowski, Wyrzykowski 2008). The areas deteriorated by coal mine industry, with polluted air, urbanistic areas, framlands belong to this group.

Industrially deteriorated areas in Poland

Water classification in Poland

Land use in Poland

Positive criteria of leisure toruism evaluation • Natural landscapes • Farm lands close to natural Landscape zone Area tho. Km 2 Natural landscape areas tho. Km 2 Coastal Lake district Lowands Uplands Mountains Poland Total 1, 9 119, 0 127, 0 34, 5 30, 3 312, 7 1, 3 83, 9 63, 7 18, 3 15, 2 182, 6

Sightseeing values of Poland‐ general characteristic The first attempt of description of sightseeings was the guide‐book of ancient Greek Pausanias II after Christ. It is hard to evaluate sightseeing values. In Poland there were issued Polska, Atlas (1999) and Atlas Polski (2003) describing sightseeing values of Poland but without classifing them. We can generalise that sightseeing value is a builtup structure or natural environment being of tourist interest.

Natural environment values The attraction can be seen as natural environment attraction when it is tightly connected with nature. There are 14 classes of objects being regarded as natural environment values: The concept of enivironmental values is defined as all fragments of natural environment which are interested for tourists. They were created mostly naturaly (without peopls’ activity). Followed the axamples: • ‐ plants • ‐ animals • ‐ rocks • ‐ caves • ‐ canyons, valleys, • Water sources, waterfalls • Other geological objects • The second group of touristic values create buil‐up structures • ‐ parks • Museums and natural environment exhibitions • ‐ arboretums and botanical gardens • ‐ zoos According to Lijewski watch‐towers and view points, national parks, nature parks, reserves should bee regarded as natural environment attractions (Lijewski & others 1985).

National Parks and reserves in Poland

Atropogenic values encompass all built‐up objects. Cultural values scholar salso attached to that group (Lijewski 1985). • • • ‐ museum and archeological excavations, ‐ etnographic museums ‐ historical buildings ‐ museums of arts and art. galleries ‐ places connected with famous people and biographical museums ‐ military sight‐seeings ‐ martyrology places ‐ museums of technology ‐ national handicraft centres ‐ sacral objects ‐ places unique for natinal and international standard ‐ events cultural, sport and religious character