Chapter 7 Memory Chapter Preview The Nature of
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Chapter 7 Memory
Chapter Preview The Nature of Memory Memory Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Forgetting Study Tips Memory and Health and Wellness
Ted Talk Ted Talk
The Nature of Memory Definition: retention of information or experience over time “Through memory, we weave the past into the present and establish a foundation for the future…” Three Phases (Steps) of Memory (ESR) 1. encoding 2. storage 3. retrieval
Encoding: Sensory Input To begin the process of memory encoding we need to pay attention to information…
Attention What is the role of attention? selective attention (not notice other things) divided attention- multitasking (texting and driving) sustained attention- vigilance (studying) Research indicates that even though we feel confident that we can multitask- it actually impedes our ability to pay attention adequately. Pg 209 Glenn, 2010 – texting in class
Encoding: Levels of Processing Encoding occurs on a continuum… shallow processing intermediate processing deep processinging - meaningful The more deeply we process, the better the memory (Howes, 2006)
Encoding: Elaboration Within deep processing, the more extensive the processing, the better the memory (Terry, 2009) Elaboration can enhance memory Creating numerous mental connections vivid examples self-referencing effect (relate to own experience)
Encoding: Imagery One of the most powerful ways to make memories distinctive is to use mental imagery (Murray, 2007 etc) image codes (highly detailed and distinctive) are stored as both superior to verbal codes (words or labels) alone
Encoding Study Tips How can you use this information to enhance your memory for the material in this class?
Memory Storage Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory (1968) pg212 3 Separate Memory Storage Systems (SM, STM, LTM)
Storage: Sensory Memory very brief duration (miliseconds) echoic (auditory) memory iconic (visual) memory
Storage: Short-Term Memory attention: moves sensory memory STM limited duration (about 30 seconds) limited capacity (7 ± 2) (phone numbers)
Storage: Short-Term Memory How can we improve/remember more for STM? chunking grouping items into a unit rehearsal conscious repetition of information prolongs STM duration indefinitely
Working Memory – An Alternative to STM Is Atkinson-Shiffrin’s theory too simplistic? Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Pg 215 Active Memory System – allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks phonological loop - speech (Assistant) visuospatial working memory – visual and spatial (Assistant) central executive - integrates (Boss) CE can pull from long term memory as well
Storage: Long-Term Memory pg216 relatively permanent with “unlimited” capacity explicit long-term memory (declarative) facts and events implicit long-term memory (nondeclarative) experiential learning Page 218 examples
Storage: Explicit LTM Subtypes of Explicit Memory episodic autobiographical memories semantic knowledge about the world
Storage: Implicit LTM nondeclarative memory affected by a past experience without consciously recalling it procedural memory - skills classical conditioning – automatic associations Priming – pulling prior knowledge to make it easier to remember
Memory: Location Connectionist Networks (Parallel Distributed Processing PDP) is diffuse circuits of neurons neurotransmitter involvement long-term potentiation
Memory: Brain Structure pg 223 Explicit Memory hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala Implicit Memory cerebellum, temporal lobes, hippocampus
Memory: Brain Structures
Retrieval: Serial Position Effect …tendency to recall items at beginning and end of a list more readily than those in middle Primacy Effect Recency Effect
Serial Position Effect Graph pg 224 When it is time for the final exam, which information from your class do you think it would be best to brush up on, and why?
Retrieval: Special Cases autobiographical memories Episodic memory Episodic bump (adults remember what? Pg 227) emotional memories flashbulb memories – emotionally sig event traumatic events repressed memories
False Memory Recovery? childhood sexual abuse, other events recovered or discovered memories? difficult to separate accurate and inaccurate memories How should courts of law deal with “discovered” memories?
Eyewitness Testimony Distortion – memory fades Bias – ethnic distinctions Inaccuracy - faulty More scientific approaches to trial evidence ?
Future Memory prospective memory remembering to do something in the future content – remembering what to do timing – remembering when to do it Study Skil – Improving Prospective Memory: Planner! Other Ideas??
Forgetting: Memory Failure Ebbinghaus – psychologist, self-studies encoding failure – never entered LTM (who is on the dollar bill, 5 dollar?) Interference theory proactive interference - previous retroactive interference – later Pg 233
Forgetting: Memory Failure encoding failure – never entered LTM What is to the right of Washington’s Head on a dollar bill? Is “The United States of America” above or below Washington’s head?
Forgetting: Memory Failure decay theory passage of time forgetting tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can retrieve some information but not all
Amnesia… amnesia anterograde amnesia (ante=before) inability to store new information and events OR retrograde amnesia (retro=past) inability to retrieve past information and events 50 First Dates
Study Tips – Encoding pg 235 give undivided attention process deeply make associations use imagery encode early and often
Study Tips - Retrieval redo notes talk to others test yourself ask yourself questions rest and eat well
Memory and Health and Wellness Roles of Autobiographical Memories learn from our experience Form the core of our personal identity bond with others Memory and Aging indicator of brain functioning activity inoculates against mental decline both physical and mental activity are important in maintaining a sharp mind
Chapter Summary Identify three phases of memory. Explain how memories are encoded. Discuss the three stages of memory storage. Summarize how memories are retrieved. Describe how the failure of encoding and retrieval are involved in forgetting. Evaluate study strategies based on an understanding of memory. Discuss the multiple functions of memory in human life.
Chapter Summary Encoding attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and imagery Storage sensory, short-term, and long-term memory Retrieval serial position, retrieval cues, types of memory
Chapter Summary Forgetting encoding failure, retrieval failure, interference, decay, amnesia Study Tips encoding, storage, retrieval Memory and Health and Wellness autobiographical memory, memory and aging