Chapter 7 Memory Chapter Preview The Nature of

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>Chapter 7  Memory Chapter 7 Memory

>Chapter Preview The Nature of Memory  Memory Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval  Forgetting Chapter Preview The Nature of Memory Memory Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Forgetting Study Tips Memory and Health and Wellness

>Ted Talk Ted Talk Ted Talk Ted Talk

>The Nature of Memory Definition: retention of information or experience over time “Through memory, The Nature of Memory Definition: retention of information or experience over time “Through memory, we weave the past into the present and establish a foundation for the future…” Three Phases (Steps) of Memory (ESR) 1. encoding 2. storage 3. retrieval

>Encoding: Sensory Input To begin the process of memory encoding we need to pay Encoding: Sensory Input To begin the process of memory encoding we need to pay attention to information…

>Attention What is the role of attention? selective attention (not notice other things) divided Attention What is the role of attention? selective attention (not notice other things) divided attention- multitasking (texting and driving) sustained attention- vigilance (studying) Research indicates that even though we feel confident that we can multitask- it actually impedes our ability to pay attention adequately. Pg 209 Glenn, 2010 – texting in class

>Encoding:  Levels of Processing Encoding occurs on a continuum…  shallow processing intermediate Encoding: Levels of Processing Encoding occurs on a continuum… shallow processing intermediate processing deep processinging - meaningful The more deeply we process, the better the memory (Howes, 2006)

>Encoding: Elaboration Within deep processing, the more extensive the processing, the better the memory Encoding: Elaboration Within deep processing, the more extensive the processing, the better the memory (Terry, 2009) Elaboration can enhance memory Creating numerous mental connections vivid examples self-referencing effect (relate to own experience)

>Encoding: Imagery One of the most powerful ways to make memories distinctive is to Encoding: Imagery One of the most powerful ways to make memories distinctive is to use mental imagery (Murray, 2007 etc) image codes (highly detailed and distinctive) are stored as both superior to verbal codes (words or labels) alone

>Encoding Study Tips How can you use this information to enhance your memory for Encoding Study Tips How can you use this information to enhance your memory for the material in this class?

>Memory Storage  Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory (1968) pg212 3 Separate Memory Storage Systems (SM, STM, Memory Storage Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory (1968) pg212 3 Separate Memory Storage Systems (SM, STM, LTM)

>Storage: Sensory Memory  very brief duration (miliseconds)    echoic (auditory) memory Storage: Sensory Memory very brief duration (miliseconds) echoic (auditory) memory iconic (visual) memory

>Storage: Short-Term Memory attention: moves sensory memory  STM  limited duration (about 30 Storage: Short-Term Memory attention: moves sensory memory  STM limited duration (about 30 seconds) limited capacity (7 ± 2) (phone numbers)

>Storage: Short-Term Memory How can we improve/remember more for STM?  chunking grouping items Storage: Short-Term Memory How can we improve/remember more for STM? chunking grouping items into a unit rehearsal conscious repetition of information prolongs STM duration indefinitely

>Working Memory –  An Alternative to STM Is Atkinson-Shiffrin’s theory too simplistic? Baddeley’s Working Memory – An Alternative to STM Is Atkinson-Shiffrin’s theory too simplistic? Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Pg 215 Active Memory System – allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks phonological loop - speech (Assistant) visuospatial working memory – visual and spatial (Assistant) central executive - integrates (Boss) CE can pull from long term memory as well

>Storage: Long-Term Memory pg216 relatively permanent with “unlimited” capacity  explicit long-term memory (declarative) Storage: Long-Term Memory pg216 relatively permanent with “unlimited” capacity explicit long-term memory (declarative) facts and events implicit long-term memory (nondeclarative) experiential learning Page 218 examples

>Storage: Explicit LTM  Subtypes of Explicit Memory   episodic   autobiographical Storage: Explicit LTM Subtypes of Explicit Memory episodic autobiographical memories semantic knowledge about the world

>Storage: Implicit LTM nondeclarative memory  affected by a past experience without consciously recalling Storage: Implicit LTM nondeclarative memory affected by a past experience without consciously recalling it procedural memory - skills classical conditioning – automatic associations Priming – pulling prior knowledge to make it easier to remember

>Memory: Location Connectionist Networks (Parallel Distributed Processing PDP) is diffuse  circuits of neurons Memory: Location Connectionist Networks (Parallel Distributed Processing PDP) is diffuse circuits of neurons neurotransmitter involvement long-term potentiation

>Memory: Brain Structure  pg 223    Explicit Memory hippocampus, frontal lobes, Memory: Brain Structure pg 223 Explicit Memory hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala Implicit Memory cerebellum, temporal lobes, hippocampus

>Memory: Brain Structures Memory: Brain Structures

>Retrieval:  Serial Position Effect …tendency to recall items at beginning and end of Retrieval: Serial Position Effect …tendency to recall items at beginning and end of a list more readily than those in middle Primacy Effect Recency Effect

>Serial Position Effect  Graph pg 224  When it is time for the Serial Position Effect Graph pg 224 When it is time for the final exam, which information from your class do you think it would be best to brush up on, and why?

>Retrieval: Special Cases autobiographical memories Episodic memory Episodic bump (adults remember what? Pg 227) Retrieval: Special Cases autobiographical memories Episodic memory Episodic bump (adults remember what? Pg 227) emotional memories flashbulb memories – emotionally sig event traumatic events repressed memories

>False Memory Recovery? childhood sexual abuse, other events  recovered or discovered memories? difficult False Memory Recovery? childhood sexual abuse, other events recovered or discovered memories? difficult to separate accurate and inaccurate memories How should courts of law deal with “discovered” memories?

>Eyewitness Testimony  Distortion – memory fades Bias – ethnic distinctions Inaccuracy - faulty Eyewitness Testimony Distortion – memory fades Bias – ethnic distinctions Inaccuracy - faulty More scientific approaches to trial evidence ?

>Future Memory prospective memory remembering to do something in the future content – remembering Future Memory prospective memory remembering to do something in the future content – remembering what to do timing – remembering when to do it Study Skil – Improving Prospective Memory: Planner! Other Ideas??

>Forgetting: Memory Failure Ebbinghaus – psychologist, self-studies encoding failure – never entered LTM (who Forgetting: Memory Failure Ebbinghaus – psychologist, self-studies encoding failure – never entered LTM (who is on the dollar bill, 5 dollar?) Interference theory proactive interference - previous retroactive interference – later Pg 233

>Forgetting: Memory Failure encoding failure – never entered LTM   What is to Forgetting: Memory Failure encoding failure – never entered LTM What is to the right of Washington’s Head on a dollar bill? Is “The United States of America” above or below Washington’s head?

>Forgetting: Memory Failure decay theory passage of time  forgetting tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can retrieve Forgetting: Memory Failure decay theory passage of time  forgetting tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can retrieve some information but not all

>Amnesia… amnesia anterograde amnesia (ante=before) inability to store new information and events OR retrograde Amnesia… amnesia anterograde amnesia (ante=before) inability to store new information and events OR retrograde amnesia (retro=past) inability to retrieve past information and events 50 First Dates

>Study Tips – Encoding pg 235   give undivided attention process deeply make Study Tips – Encoding pg 235 give undivided attention process deeply make associations use imagery encode early and often

>Study Tips - Retrieval    redo notes talk to others test yourself Study Tips - Retrieval redo notes talk to others test yourself ask yourself questions rest and eat well

>Memory and  Health and Wellness  Roles of Autobiographical Memories learn from our Memory and Health and Wellness Roles of Autobiographical Memories learn from our experience Form the core of our personal identity bond with others Memory and Aging indicator of brain functioning activity inoculates against mental decline both physical and mental activity are important in maintaining a sharp mind

>Chapter Summary Identify three phases of memory. Explain how memories are encoded. Discuss the Chapter Summary Identify three phases of memory. Explain how memories are encoded. Discuss the three stages of memory storage. Summarize how memories are retrieved. Describe how the failure of encoding and retrieval are involved in forgetting. Evaluate study strategies based on an understanding of memory. Discuss the multiple functions of memory in human life.

>Chapter Summary  Encoding attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and imagery   Storage Chapter Summary Encoding attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and imagery Storage sensory, short-term, and long-term memory Retrieval serial position, retrieval cues, types of memory

>Chapter Summary  Forgetting encoding failure, retrieval failure, interference, decay, amnesia   Study Chapter Summary Forgetting encoding failure, retrieval failure, interference, decay, amnesia Study Tips encoding, storage, retrieval Memory and Health and Wellness autobiographical memory, memory and aging