Chapter 6 Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statement Analysis

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>Chapter 6 Financial Statement Analysis Chapter 6 Financial Statement Analysis

>Financial    Statement Analysis Financial Statements A Possible Framework for Analysis Ratio Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statements A Possible Framework for Analysis Ratio Analysis Trend Analysis Common-Size and Index Analysis

>Examples of External Uses of Statement Analysis Trade Creditors -- Focus on the liquidity Examples of External Uses of Statement Analysis Trade Creditors -- Focus on the liquidity of the firm. Bondholders -- Focus on the long-term cash flow of the firm. Shareholders -- Focus on the profitability and long-term health of the firm.

>Examples of Internal Uses of Statement Analysis Plan -- Focus on assessing the current Examples of Internal Uses of Statement Analysis Plan -- Focus on assessing the current financial position and evaluating potential firm opportunities. Control -- Focus on return on investment for various assets and asset efficiency. Understand -- Focus on understanding how suppliers of funds analyze the firm.

>Primary Types of Financial Statements Income Statement A summary of a firm’s revenues and Primary Types of Financial Statements Income Statement A summary of a firm’s revenues and expenses over a specified period, ending with net income or loss for the period. Balance Sheet A summary of a firm’s financial position on a given date that shows total assets = total liabilities + owners’ equity.

>Basket Wonders’ Balance Sheet (Asset Side) a.  How the firm stands on a Basket Wonders’ Balance Sheet (Asset Side) a. How the firm stands on a specific date. b. What BW owned. c. Amounts owed by customers. d. Future expense items already paid. e. Cash/likely convertible to cash within 1 year. f. Original amount paid. g. Acc. deductions for wear and tear. Cash and C.E. $ 90 Acct. Rec.c 394 Inventories 696 Prepaid Exp d 5 Accum Tax Prepay 10 Current Assetse $1,195 Fixed Assets (@Cost)f 1030 Less: Acc. Depr. g (329) Net Fix. Assets $ 701 Investment, LT 50 Other Assets, LT 223 Total Assets b $2,169 Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2003a

>Basket Wonders’ Balance Sheet (Liability Side) a.  Note, Assets = Liabilities + Equity. Basket Wonders’ Balance Sheet (Liability Side) a. Note, Assets = Liabilities + Equity. b. What BW owed and ownership position. c. Owed to suppliers for goods and services. d. Unpaid wages, salaries, etc. e. Debts payable < 1 year. f. Debts payable > 1 year. g. Original investment. h. Earnings reinvested. Notes Payable $ 290 Acct. Payablec 94 Accrued Taxes d 16 Other Accrued Liab. d 100 Current Liab. e $ 500 Long-Term Debt f 530 Shareholders’ Equity Com. Stock ($1 par) g 200 Add Pd in Capital g 729 Retained Earnings h 210 Total Equity $1,139 Total Liab/Equitya,b $2,169 Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2003

>Basket Wonders’ Income Statement a.  Measures profitability over a time period. b. Basket Wonders’ Income Statement a. Measures profitability over a time period. b. Received, or receivable, from customers. c. Sales comm., adv., officers’ salaries, etc. d. Operating income. e. Cost of borrowed funds. f. Taxable income. g. Amount earned for shareholders. Net Sales $ 2,211 Cost of Goods Sold b 1,599 Gross Profit $ 612 SG&A Expenses c 402 EBITd $ 210 Interest Expensee 59 EBT f $ 151 Income Taxes 60 EATg $ 91 Cash Dividends 38 Increase in RE $ 53 Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands) for Year Ending December 31, 2003a

>Framework for Financial Analysis Analytical Tools Used Sources and Uses Statement Statement of Cash Framework for Financial Analysis Analytical Tools Used Sources and Uses Statement Statement of Cash Flows Cash Budgets 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. Trend / Seasonal Component How much funding will be required in the future? Is there a seasonal component?

>Framework for Financial Analysis Health of a Firm  Financial Ratios   Framework for Financial Analysis Health of a Firm Financial Ratios 1. Individually 2. Over time 3. In combination 4. In comparison 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial condition and profitability of the firm.

>Framework for Financial Analysis Examples: Volatility in sales Volatility in costs Proximity to break-even Framework for Financial Analysis Examples: Volatility in sales Volatility in costs Proximity to break-even point 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial condition and profitability of the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm. Business risk relates to the risk inherent in the operations of the firm.

>Framework for Financial Analysis A Financial Manager must consider all three jointly when determining Framework for Financial Analysis A Financial Manager must consider all three jointly when determining the financing needs of the firm. Determining the financing needs of the firm. 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial condition and profitability of the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm.

>Framework for Financial Analysis Negotiations with suppliers of capital. Determining the  financing needs Framework for Financial Analysis Negotiations with suppliers of capital. Determining the financing needs of the firm. 1. Analysis of the funds needs of the firm. 2. Analysis of the financial condition and profitability of the firm. 3. Analysis of the business risk of the firm.

>Use of Financial Ratios Types of Comparisons Internal Comparisons External Comparisons A Financial Ratio Use of Financial Ratios Types of Comparisons Internal Comparisons External Comparisons A Financial Ratio is an index that relates two accounting numbers and is obtained by dividing one number by the other.

>External Comparisons and Sources of Industry Ratios Examples: Robert Morris Associates Dun & Bradstreet External Comparisons and Sources of Industry Ratios Examples: Robert Morris Associates Dun & Bradstreet Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios This involves comparing the ratios of one firm with those of similar firms or with industry averages. Similarity is important as one should compare “apples to apples.”

>Liquidity Ratios Current  Current Assets Current Liabilities  For Basket Wonders December 31, Liquidity Ratios Current Current Assets Current Liabilities For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Shows a firm’s ability to cover its current liabilities with its current assets. Balance Sheet Ratios Liquidity Ratios $1,195 $500 = 2.39

>Liquidity Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry 2.39   2.15 Liquidity Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 2.39 2.15 2.26 2.09 1.91 2.01 Year 2003 2002 2001 Current Ratio Ratio is stronger than the industry average.

>Liquidity Ratios Acid-Test (Quick)  Current Assets - Inv Current Liabilities  For Basket Liquidity Ratios Acid-Test (Quick) Current Assets - Inv Current Liabilities For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Shows a firm’s ability to meet current liabilities with its most liquid assets. Balance Sheet Ratios Liquidity Ratios $1,195 - $696 $500 = 1.00

>Liquidity Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry 1.00   1.25 Liquidity Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 1.00 1.25 1.04 1.23 1.11 1.25 Year 2003 2002 2001 Acid-Test Ratio Ratio is weaker than the industry average.

>Summary of the Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Strong current ratio and weak acid-test ratio indicates Summary of the Liquidity Ratio Comparisons Strong current ratio and weak acid-test ratio indicates a potential problem in the inventories account. Note that this industry has a relatively high level of inventories. Ratio BW Industry Current 2.39 2.15 Acid-Test 1.00 1.25

>Current Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Current Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison

>Acid-Test Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Acid-Test Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison

>Summary of the Liquidity Trend Analyses The current ratio for the industry has been Summary of the Liquidity Trend Analyses The current ratio for the industry has been rising slowly at the same time the acid-test ratio has been relatively stable. This indicates that inventories are a significant problem for BW. The current ratio for BW has been rising at the same time the acid-test ratio has been declining.

>Financial Leverage Ratios Debt-to-Equity  Total Debt Shareholders’ Equity  For Basket Wonders December Financial Leverage Ratios Debt-to-Equity Total Debt Shareholders’ Equity For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Shows the extent to which the firm is financed by debt. Balance Sheet Ratios Financial Leverage Ratios $1,030 $1,139 = .90

>Financial Leverage   Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons BW Industry .90 .90 .88 .90 .81 .89 Year 2003 2002 2001 Debt-to-Equity Ratio BW has average debt utilization relative to the industry average.

>Financial Leverage Ratios Debt-to-Total-Assets  Total Debt Total Assets  For Basket Wonders December Financial Leverage Ratios Debt-to-Total-Assets Total Debt Total Assets For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Shows the percentage of the firm’s assets that are supported by debt financing. Balance Sheet Ratios Financial Leverage Ratios $1,030 $2,169 = .47

>Financial Leverage   Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons BW Industry .47 .47 .47 .47 .45 .47 Year 2003 2002 2001 Debt-to-Total-Asset Ratio BW has average debt utilization relative to the industry average.

>Financial Leverage Ratios Total Capitalization   Total Debt Total Capitalization  For Basket Financial Leverage Ratios Total Capitalization Total Debt Total Capitalization For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Shows the relative importance of long-term debt to the long-term financing of the firm. Balance Sheet Ratios Financial Leverage Ratios $1,030 $1,669 = .62 (i.e., LT-Debt + Equity)

>Financial Leverage   Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Financial Leverage Ratio Comparisons BW Industry .62 .60 .62 .61 .67 .62 Year 2003 2002 2001 Total Capitalization Ratio BW has average long-term debt utilization relative to the industry average.

>Coverage Ratios Interest Coverage  EBIT Interest Charges  For Basket Wonders December 31, Coverage Ratios Interest Coverage EBIT Interest Charges For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates a firm’s ability to cover interest charges. Income Statement Ratios Coverage Ratios $210 $59 = 3.56

>Coverage     Ratio Comparisons   BW    Coverage Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 3.56 5.19 4.35 5.02 10.30 4.66 Year 2003 2002 2001 Interest Coverage Ratio BW has below average interest coverage relative to the industry average.

>Coverage Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison Coverage Ratio -- Trend Analysis Comparison

>Summary of the Coverage Trend Analysis This indicates that low earnings (EBIT) may be Summary of the Coverage Trend Analysis This indicates that low earnings (EBIT) may be a potential problem for BW. Note, we know that debt levels are in line with the industry averages. The interest coverage ratio for BW has been falling since 2001. It has been below industry averages for the past two years.

>Activity Ratios Receivable Turnover  Annual Net Credit Sales Receivables  For Basket Wonders Activity Ratios Receivable Turnover Annual Net Credit Sales Receivables For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates quality of receivables and how successful the firm is in its collections. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Activity Ratios $2,211 $394 = 5.61 (Assume all sales are credit sales.)

>Activity Ratios Avg Collection Period  Days in the Year Receivable Turnover  For Activity Ratios Avg Collection Period Days in the Year Receivable Turnover For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Average number of days that receivables are outstanding. (or RT in days) Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Activity Ratios 365 5.61 = 65 days

>Activity     Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Activity Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 65.0 65.7 71.1 66.3 83.6 69.2 Year 2003 2002 2001 Average Collection Period BW has improved the average collection period to that of the industry average.

>Activity Ratios Payable Turnover (PT)   Annual Credit Purchases Accounts Payable  For Activity Ratios Payable Turnover (PT) Annual Credit Purchases Accounts Payable For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the promptness of payment to suppliers by the firm. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Activity Ratios $1551 $94 = 16.5 (Assume annual credit purchases = $1,551.)

>Activity Ratios PT in Days  Days in the Year Payable Turnover  For Activity Ratios PT in Days Days in the Year Payable Turnover For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Average number of days that payables are outstanding. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Activity Ratios 365 16.5 = 22.1 days

>Activity     Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Activity Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 22.1 46.7 25.4 51.1 43.5 48.5 Year 2003 2002 2001 Payable Turnover in Days BW has improved the PT in Days. Is this good?

>Activity Ratios Inventory Turnover  Cost of Goods Sold Inventory  For Basket Wonders Activity Ratios Inventory Turnover Cost of Goods Sold Inventory For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the effectiveness of the inventory management practices of the firm. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Activity Ratios $1,599 $696 = 2.30

>Activity     Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Activity Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 2.30 3.45 2.44 3.76 2.64 3.69 Year 2003 2002 2001 Inventory Turnover Ratio BW has a very poor inventory turnover ratio.

>Inventory Turnover Ratio --Trend Analysis Comparison Inventory Turnover Ratio --Trend Analysis Comparison

>Activity Ratios Total Asset Turnover  Net Sales Total Assets  For Basket Wonders Activity Ratios Total Asset Turnover Net Sales Total Assets For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the overall effectiveness of the firm in utilizing its assets to generate sales. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Activity Ratios $2,211 $2,169 = 1.02

>Activity     Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Activity Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 1.02 1.17 1.03 1.14 1.01 1.13 Year 2003 2002 2001 Total Asset Turnover Ratio BW has a weak total asset turnover ratio. Why is this ratio considered weak?

>Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Margin  Gross Profit Net Sales  For Basket Wonders Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Margin Gross Profit Net Sales For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the efficiency of operations and firm pricing policies. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Profitability Ratios $612 $2,211 = .277

>Profitability    Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry 27.7% Profitability Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 27.7% 31.1% 28.7 30.8 31.3 27.6 Year 2003 2002 2001 Gross Profit Margin BW has a weak Gross Profit Margin.

>Gross Profit Margin --  Trend Analysis Comparison Gross Profit Margin -- Trend Analysis Comparison

>Profitability Ratios Net Profit Margin  Net Profit after Taxes Net Sales  For Profitability Ratios Net Profit Margin Net Profit after Taxes Net Sales For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the firm’s profitability after taking account of all expenses and income taxes. Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Profitability Ratios $91 $2,211 = .041

>Profitability     Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Profitability Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 4.1% 8.2% 4.9 8.1 9.0 7.6 Year 2003 2002 2001 Net Profit Margin BW has a poor Net Profit Margin.

>Net Profit Margin --  Trend Analysis Comparison Net Profit Margin -- Trend Analysis Comparison

>Profitability Ratios Return on Investment  Net Profit after Taxes Total Assets  For Profitability Ratios Return on Investment Net Profit after Taxes Total Assets For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the profitability on the assets of the firm (after all expenses and taxes). Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Profitability Ratios $91 $2,160 = .042

>Profitability     Ratio Comparisons BW      Industry Profitability Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 4.2% 9.8% 5.0 9.1 9.1 10.8 Year 2003 2002 2001 Return on Investment BW has a poor Return on Investment.

>Return on Investment – Trend Analysis Comparison Return on Investment – Trend Analysis Comparison

>Profitability Ratios Return on Equity  Net Profit after Taxes Shareholders’ Equity  For Profitability Ratios Return on Equity Net Profit after Taxes Shareholders’ Equity For Basket Wonders December 31, 2003 Indicates the profitability to the shareholders of the firm (after all expenses and taxes). Income Statement / Balance Sheet Ratios Profitability Ratios $91 $1,139 = .08

>Profitability     Ratio Comparisons  BW     Profitability Ratio Comparisons BW Industry 8.0% 17.9% 9.4 17.2 16.6 20.4 Year 2003 2002 2001 Return on Equity BW has a poor Return on Equity.

>Return on Equity --  Trend Analysis Comparison Return on Equity -- Trend Analysis Comparison

>Return on Investment and the Du Pont Approach ROI2003     Return on Investment and the Du Pont Approach ROI2003 = .041 x 1.02 = .042 or 4.2% ROIIndustry = .082 x 1.17 = .098 or 9.8% ROI = Net profit margin X Total asset turnover Earning Power = Sales profitability X Asset efficiency

>Return on Equity and  the Du Pont Approach ROE2003    Return on Equity and the Du Pont Approach ROE2003 = .041 x 1.02 x 1.90 = .080 ROEIndustry = .082 x 1.17 x 1.88 = .179 Return On Equity = Net profit margin X Total asset turnover X Equity Multiplier Equity Multiplier = Total Assets Shareholders’ Equity

>Summary of the Profitability Trend Analyses The profitability ratios for BW have ALL been Summary of the Profitability Trend Analyses The profitability ratios for BW have ALL been falling since 2001. Each has been below the industry averages for the past three years. This indicates that COGS and administrative costs may both be too high and a potential problem for BW. Note, this result is consistent with the low interest coverage ratio.

>Summary of Ratio Analyses Inventories are too high. May be paying off creditors (accounts Summary of Ratio Analyses Inventories are too high. May be paying off creditors (accounts payable) too soon. COGS may be too high. Selling, general, and administrative costs may be too high.

>Common-size Analysis An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet items are Common-size Analysis An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet items are divided by total assets and all income statement items are divided by net sales or revenues.

>Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets

>Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets Basket Wonders’ Common Size Balance Sheets

>Basket Wonders’ Common Size Income Statements Basket Wonders’ Common Size Income Statements

>Index Analyses An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet or income Index Analyses An analysis of percentage financial statements where all balance sheet or income statement figures for a base year equal 100.0 (percent) and subsequent financial statement items are expressed as percentages of their values in the base year.

>Basket Wonders’  Indexed Balance Sheets Basket Wonders’ Indexed Balance Sheets

>Basket Wonders’  Indexed Balance Sheets Basket Wonders’ Indexed Balance Sheets

>Basket Wonders’ Indexed Income Statements Basket Wonders’ Indexed Income Statements