CHAPTER 21 THE TWENTIES 1920 -1929 SECTION

CHAPTER 21 THE TWENTIES 1920 -1929

SECTION 1 A REPUBLICAN DECADE

I. Analyze the causes and effects of the red scare and the labor strikes of 1919. A. The Red Scare 1. Russian Revolution • a. The “Reds” – Bolsheviks – Vladimir Lenin took control of farms, industries, land, and transportation. • b. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U. S. S. R. ) • c. Communism 1. Government owned all land property 2. Single political party 3. No individual rights 4. Government vowed to spread communism • d. Red Scare – intense fear the communism would undermine American society

I. Analyze the causes and effects of the red scare and the labor strikes of 1919. A. The Red Scare 2. Schenck vs. U. S. a. Clear and present danger 3. Palmer Raid • a. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer • b. Arrest suspected people trying to overthrow the government • c. Included Communists, Socialists, anarchists 4. Sacco and Vanzetti • • a. b. c. d. Robbery, killing of a guard and paymaster of a shoe factory Sacco, shoemaker and Vanzetti, fish peddler – Italian immigrants Case drew international attention and controversy Both found guilty, appealed and lost, electrocuted

I. Analyze the causes and effects of the red scare and the labor strikes of 1919. B. Labor Strikes 1. Boston Police Strike • a. Strike over pay raise/union activity • b. Governor Calvin Coolidge 1. public safety 2. called out state guard 2. Steel and Coal Strikes • a. Americans blamed strikes on communist supporters • b. Corporations’ private police killed 18 strikers and beat hundreds • c. Strike activity declined in 1920 s

II. Describe key features of the Republican administrations of the 1920 s. A. Republican party dominated all three branches of government. 1. Presidents (1921 -1933) Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover 2. Congress – majority Republicans 3. Supreme Court – Chief Justice William Howard Taft (former Republican President) B. United in basic goals and ideals 1. Favored business 2. Social stability to promote economic growth

III. Compare the Harding and Coolidge presidencies. A. Warren G. Harding (1921 -1923) 1. Promised “normalcy” 2. Cabinet decisions – questionable selections 3. Isolationism – policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with foreign countries. 4. Disarmament – program in which nations voluntarily give up their weapons. 5. Limiting immigration – move nativists - anti-immigrate • • • a. b. c. d. e. Loyalty Religious differences Urban slums and corruption Jobs Political ideas

III. Compare the Harding and Coolidge presidencies. A. Warren G. Harding (1921 -1923) 6. Teapot Dome Scandal • • • a. b. c. d. e. Worst Harding scandal Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall Oil rights on government fields in exchange for bribe $300, 000. 00 Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome, WY Harding died August 2, 1923 – heart problems

III. Compare the Harding and Coolidge presidencies. B. Calvin Coolidge (1923 -1929) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vice President of Harding – oath given by father Former Governor of Massachusetts – No role in scandals Laissez-Faire - government was not to interfere with business Isolationism Kellogg-Briand Pact – not to use threat of war

SECTION 2 A Business Boom

I. Describe how the growth of a consumer economy changed American life. A. Consumer Economy 1. Economy that depends on a large amount of buying by consumers –individuals who use products 2. Buying on credit • a. Installment plan – partial payments at set intervals over a period of time ***plus interest*** 3. Electric power – increased sales of a variety of household electrical appliances. 4. New products – ovens, toasters, washing machines, vacuums

II. Explain how Henry Ford made automobiles affordable for average Americans. A. Ford and the “Model T” 1. Henry Ford – Detroit Michigan 2. Horseless carriage B. Ford’s Assembly Line 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Produce more cars at prices people could afford Assembly line – manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task Ford made the product move – not the employee Interchangeable parts speeded production One “Model T” every 24 seconds Economics of Scale – increased production decreases costs Vertical consolidation – owned steel and rubber supplies

II. Explain how Henry Ford made automobiles affordable for average Americans. C. Complex Businessman 1. $5. 00 a day pay rate – which was a positive 2. Fought unions 3. Refused to consider tastes – painted every Ford black

III. Explain why American businesses boomed in the 1920 s. A. Automobiles single biggest industry B. Everything that it takes to make a car C. Everything you can do with a car industries 1. Travel 2. Garages/mechanics 3. Gas stations 4. Delivery companies D. Laissez-Faire supported business over government interference

SECTION 3 Society in the 1920 s

I. Describe changes in women’s attitudes and roles in society during the 1920 s. A. Flapper 1. New type of women – young, rebellious, fun loving, FASHION 2. Break from the past – morals and manners 3. Short – hair and cloths 4. Smoking and drinking in public B. Women Working and Voting 1. Convenience affected style 2. Two female governors by 1924 3. Status of women changed very little during 1920 s

II. Analyze the causes for population changes in American cities and suburbs. A. Demographics – statistics used to describe population. B. African Americans in the North 1. Great Migration to the North a. Jobs – industrial boom b. Escape Jim Crow laws of segregation c. No land forced population to city

II. Analyze the causes for population changes in American cities and suburbs. C. Other migration 1. Immigrants to fill low-paying jobs 2. Europe, now Mexico and Canada 3. Barrio – Spanish speaking neighborhoods D. Growth of the Suburbs 1. Quick access to the city – buses 2. Cities built transportation systems

III. Identify some of the heroes of the 1920 s and explain their popularity. A. Lucky Lindy 1. Charles Lindbergh – Spirit of St. Louis 2. Won a race from New York to Paris across the Atlantic Ocean B. Amelia Earhart 1. Female pilot who disappeared attempting to fly around the world C. Heroes of Sports – Good Old Days 1. George Herman “Babe” Ruth - baseball 2. Jack Dempsey – heavyweight boxer 3. Gertrude Ederle – female Olympic swimmer

SECTION 4 Mass Media and The Jazz Age

I. Analyze the impact of the growth of the nation’s mass media. A. Mass Media – print and broadcast methods of communicating information to large numbers of people. B. Mass Media produced a national culture 1. Movies a. Motion pictures – silent b. Introduction of sound in 1927 – talkies 2. Newspapers a. Newspaper chains (many papers owned by one group) b. William Randolph Hurst owned papers in 20 cities 3. Radios a. First radio station – Pittsburg KDKA b. Radio network – NBC

II. Identify some of the major figures of the Jazz Age and other artistic figures of the 1920 s. A. Jazz Age 1920 s (Jazz – influenced by ragtime and blues) 1. Brought to North by Southern African Americans 2. Jazz Clubs in Harlem New York, ex. Cotton Club – Bessie Smith B. Duke Ellington 1. One of the most celebrated Jazz musician 2. Pianist, composer, bandleader C. Other Artists 1. Jazz poetry, jazz painting, jazz literature 2. Sinclair Lewis wrote about small towns, medical field, and dishonest ministers

III. Show the Lost Generation and the Harlem Renaissance influenced American culture. A. Lost Generation 1. Lost in a greedy, materialistic world, which lacked moral values. 2. Settled in Greenwich Village area of New York 3. Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby 4. Expatriates – people who move outside U. S. (ex. Paris, France) B. Harlem Renaissance 1. Harlem, NY became home of African American literary movement 2. James Weldon Johnson – Sec. of NAACP writer and politician 3. Zora Neale Hurst - Their Eyes Were Watching God 4. Langston Hughes – poet and wrote short stories

SECTION 5 Cultural Conflicts

I. Analyze the effects of Prohibition. A. 18 th Amendment – Prohibition of all alcohol beverages B. Obeying the law sharpened the difference between urban and rural moral values. C. Bootlegging – supplier of illegal alcohol 1. Stills and illegal imports 2. Speakeasies – place that served alcohol illegally D. Organized Crime 1. Gambling and prostitution 2. Racketeering – pay for protection E. Al Capone “Scarface”, Chicago, IL versus J. Edgar Hoover FBI

II. Summarize the main issue in the Scopes Trial. A. Fundamentalism 1. Set of beliefs held by religious traditionalists. B. Evolution and the Scopes Trial 1. Scopes Trial a. b. c. d. Case about the teaching of evolution in schools William Jennings Bryan – fundamentalist – prosecutor Clarence Darrow – science – defense Fundamentalism lost momentum

III. Explain why an increase in racial tensions occurred following World War I. A. Violence against African Americans 1. Chicago Riots of 1919 – overcrowded neighborhoods – tension B. Revival of the Klan 1. No longer a southern organization – restarted in Indiana 2. Targeted African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants C. Fighting Discrimination 1. NAACP a. Anti-lynching laws b. Suffrage – right to vote improvements D. Garvey Movement 1. Marcus Garvey a native Jamaican 2. Urged a “return to Africa” “Motherland”