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CH. 2 -- ORIGINS of AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CH. 2 -- ORIGINS of AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

 • The next 14 slides are not on your first class test, however, • The next 14 slides are not on your first class test, however, they are important if you decide to live in the United States and would like to sound like you actually know a little about the founding of this great country. #intelligence>dumberer

ENGLISH COLONIES ENGLISH COLONIES

The French and Indian War Between 1754 and 1763, the British and French fought The French and Indian War Between 1754 and 1763, the British and French fought a war in North America over land in the Ohio Valley known as the French and Indian War. The British won the war but at a tremendous cost. They wanted their British colonial citizens to pay taxes for their defense.

STAMP ACT * One of the first major taxes passed by Parliament which effected STAMP ACT * One of the first major taxes passed by Parliament which effected most colonists was the Stamp Act (1765). This tax led to the formation of the Stamp Act Congress: 9 colonies sent delegates to NY to protest the Stamp Acts imposed on colonists. This Act was considered “Taxation Without Representation” b/c no colonists sat in Parliament

The purpose of the Stamp Act was to help pay for the large number The purpose of the Stamp Act was to help pay for the large number of British troops in the colonies

Boston Massacre, Mar. 5, 1770 Boston Massacre, Mar. 5, 1770

Organized resistance leads to the Boston Tea Party • When Britain passed a act Organized resistance leads to the Boston Tea Party • When Britain passed a act requiring the colonists to buy a specific tea, the Sons of Liberty (an extreme colonial resistance group) boarded the ships on Dec. 16, 1773 The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor. " 1773. Copy of lithograph by Sarony & Major, 1846. Credit: National Archives and Records Administration NOTE THE INACCURACY! Public domain image

The men dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston Harbor which was valued at The men dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston Harbor which was valued at about $90, 000 (about $1. 7 million today)

Just read the page King George III was outraged! He asked Parliament to pass Just read the page King George III was outraged! He asked Parliament to pass a series of very harsh laws designed to punish the people of Boston. King George III

Intolerable Acts— Passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party FIRST CONTINENTAL Intolerable Acts— Passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS September 5, 1774 The Congress was created in response to: Intolerable Acts– a series of acts aimed to punish the people of Boston and strengthen British authority

Just read the page Protests broke out in New York City, Newport, RI, Boston, Just read the page Protests broke out in New York City, Newport, RI, Boston, MA Hartford, CT and Charleston, SC. Mobs burned effigies (likenesses) of tax collectors and some were tarred and feathered The Bostonians paying the exciseman or tarring & feathering. (Cartoon). Lithograph by Pendleton, 1830, after print published in London in 1774. Colorized. Public domain image

 • The First Continental Congress met on September 5, 1774 and approved of • The First Continental Congress met on September 5, 1774 and approved of a boycott of all British goods.

Courtesy of the Army National Guard “The Shot Heard Around the World” On April Courtesy of the Army National Guard “The Shot Heard Around the World” On April 19, 1775, the first battle of the Revolution ensued with 70 men standing on Lexington Green against 400 British troops on their way to Concord. In the end, 8 colonists were killed with no British fatalities.

Word of the Battles of Lexington and Concord spread quickly. Many colonists realized that Word of the Battles of Lexington and Concord spread quickly. Many colonists realized that war was now inevitable But still no talk of separation yet

Slides after this will be on the test Slides after this will be on the test

2 ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 1775 after the start of the Revolution ** Representative from 2 ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 1775 after the start of the Revolution ** Representative from all 13 colonies met to discuss elements of the Revolutionary War. The 2 nd Cont. Congress is, in many ways, the first ‘federal’ governing body of the United States.

Boston writer Thomas Paine’s Common Sense – a pamphlet justifiying why the revolution was Boston writer Thomas Paine’s Common Sense – a pamphlet justifiying why the revolution was right Thomas Paine Virginia delegate to Second Continental Congress, Richard Henry Lee, was moved to say, “I am now convinced… of the necessity for separation. ” Richard Henry Lee.

Source: National Park Service In July of 1776, the Congress began to organize a Source: National Park Service In July of 1776, the Congress began to organize a national government meeting at Independence Hall in Philadelphia

Thomas Jefferson was chosen to actually write the Declaration of Independence based on his Thomas Jefferson was chosen to actually write the Declaration of Independence based on his terrific writing skills and intelligence

On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress voted that the 13 colonies were On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress voted that the 13 colonies were “free and independent states. ” On July 4, 1776, delegates approved of the Declaration of Independence (most actually signed in Aug. )

The Declaration of Independence has 3 parts: Part I * Explains natural laws – The Declaration of Independence has 3 parts: Part I * Explains natural laws – a universal set of moral principals * As well as natural rights (individual rights) – a universal set of moral principles or what is right and wrong “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Rights Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Life Happiness. ” Public domain image

Part II The Second part of the Declaration of Independence Lists the wrong-doings committed Part II The Second part of the Declaration of Independence Lists the wrong-doings committed by King George III depriving the colonists of natural rights and other offenses. It lists a variety of abuses of power SUCH AS: AS • sending corrupt officials • sending troops to America during peace time • imposing taxes without consent • requiring the quartering troops • depriving colonists of a trial by jury

Part III The third part of the Declaration of Independence **officially announced that the Part III The third part of the Declaration of Independence **officially announced that the 13 British Colonies were now the United States of America.

https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. Io. Yd. C 1 Gkq 8 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. Io. Yd. C 1 Gkq 8

Source: National Archives • The 2 nd C. C. created the first written set Source: National Archives • The 2 nd C. C. created the first written set of laws governing the newly independent country • The first American constitution, completed in 1777, was 1777 the Articles of Confederation Because Americans feared tyranny, the Congress created tyranny a very weak national government

The Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781. This was the format for the United The Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781. This was the format for the United States government until the Constitution The authors of the Articles of Confederation did not create a nation, but a “firm league of friendship” between the friendship 13 states The Articles of Confederation created a Congress with 2 -7 delegates from each state** BUT each state only had one vote and 9 of 13 states were needed to pass a law. All 13 needed to amend the Articles!!

** it did not create an executive branch ** it did not create a ** it did not create an executive branch ** it did not create a judicial branch ** IT could NOT regulate trade between the states or between states and foreign nations. ** Congress had to ask States for money to keep the federal government going** It could not force citizens to pay TAXES!!!!

Under the Articles of Confederation Congress could 1. maintain the military 2. conduct foreign Under the Articles of Confederation Congress could 1. maintain the military 2. conduct foreign policy 3. declare war 4. make peace 5. coin money

**In order to pass laws, 9 of the 13 states had to vote in **In order to pass laws, 9 of the 13 states had to vote in favor. Summary of the Articles of Confederation: Confederation 1. created a loose alliance between states. 2. did not provide for a president (no executive branch) and laws had to be enforced by the states. 3. did not create a court system (no judicial branch) and the government could not resolve differences between the states. CREDIT: Tholey, Augustus, artist. "Leaders of the Continental Congress. " Wm. Finley & Co. , copyright 1894. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

Shays’ Rebellion – (1786 – after the war was over) a short-lived rebellion by Shays’ Rebellion – (1786 – after the war was over) a short-lived rebellion by Mass. farmers whose farms were confiscated. The rebellion was suppressed by local militia – showed what mob rule could do if Gov’t wasn’t strong Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government was much too weak and a stronger national government was needed! Shays' Rebellion is considered one of the leading causes of the formation of the United States Constitution.

Many Americans feared that Shays’ Rebellion was proof that the Articles of Confederation were Many Americans feared that Shays’ Rebellion was proof that the Articles of Confederation were too weak. Delegates from each state decided to meet in May of 1787 in Philadelphia, PA to simply ‘revise the Articles’… but they ended up doing a lot more than just improving the Articles of Confederation!

Creating the Constitution (This slide is not on the 1 st test) 12 of Creating the Constitution (This slide is not on the 1 st test) 12 of the 13 states attended the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia 74 delegates were chosen, but only 55 attended. Of these delegates, 46 had been members of the 2 nd Continental Congress 8 had signed the Declaration of Independence 34 had attended college 42 was the average of the delegates and nearly half were in their 30's! at 81 Ben Franklin was the oldest----G. Washington was 55 **All of the men had one united goal – to create a government that would benefit all people, not just the wealthy

Soon after the Constitutional Convention met in in Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia in May of Soon after the Constitutional Convention met in in Philadelphia, PA Philadelphia in May of 1787, it was 1787 decided that the Articles of Confederation needed to be scraped and a new, stronger document needed to be created. These men became known as the “Framers” of the Framers Constitution.

Crashcourse – Constitutional convention Next slide not on test Crashcourse – Constitutional convention Next slide not on test

***Many notable framers at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 including: (not on test) Benjamin ***Many notable framers at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 including: (not on test) Benjamin Franklin: 81 years old, (oldest delegate) wise, and well respected. George Washington: elected president of the convention. Many thought that he would be able to best control the debate. Alexander Hamilton: a staunch advocate for a stronger federal government. He had served as Washington’s personal secretary during the Revolution. James Madison: highly intelligent, well prepared, 36 yrs old. He was soft spoken but eloquent. He took excellent notes during the convention which have served historians well.

It was decided that the meetings during the Constitutional Convention would be kept secret It was decided that the meetings during the Constitutional Convention would be kept secret so delegates could feel free to speak their minds without outside pressure. Guards were posted at the doors and all of the windows were closed. Independence Hall Philadelphia, PA Some resented the secret meetings, believing that government meetings should be open to the public in a free society.

Edmund Randolph James Madison Edmund Randolph and James Madison put together a plan for Edmund Randolph James Madison Edmund Randolph and James Madison put together a plan for the national government early on known as the **Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan created a strong national government and called for the following: 1. The Virginia Plan created a strong national government and called for the following: 1. 3 branches of Government Legislative – Executive—Judicial 2. Legislative Branch would be “bicameral” or have 2 houses. bicameral houses Both houses would base membership upon the population of States (House) and equality (Senate)

Smaller states objected to the Virginia Plan, believing that it was unfair to States Smaller states objected to the Virginia Plan, believing that it was unfair to States with smaller populations. As a result, William Paterson introduced the New Jersey plan to counter the Virginia Plan.

The New Jersey Plan created strong national government and called for the following: New The New Jersey Plan created strong national government and called for the following: New Jersey Plan 3 branches of Government Legislative – Executive—Judicial **Unicameral Congress 2. Legislative Branch would be “unicameral” Congress or have only one house unicameral The single house would allow each State to have one vote only. Population was only not an issue. 3. Chief Executive (President) would be elected by legislature… could be multi-person. legislature

 • The Constitutional Convention was at a deadlock, as neither side could sway • The Constitutional Convention was at a deadlock, as neither side could sway the other. • Many believed that the convention would fail.

The question asked most in the convention: “How should the states be represented in The question asked most in the convention: “How should the states be represented in Congress? ” The Connecticut Compromise: • Large States wanted to dominate Congress and small states wanted equality • As a compromise, each State would be equally represented in the Senate with 2 senators regardless of population and… • Each state would be given a number of House members based on their state’s population **This is a bicameral legislature!!

The new Constitution called for the legislature to serve as a Representative Government – The new Constitution called for the legislature to serve as a Representative Government – citizens will elect representatives and those representatives will make the laws that effects everyone Also, the government will be a limited government meaning it could only do what the Constitution permits it to do

On July 16, 1787, the Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) was approved by 38 of On July 16, 1787, the Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) was approved by 38 of the 55 delegates. But other issues arose that would require even further compromise.

Library of Congress The issue of slavery became a problem for Northerners and Southerners… Library of Congress The issue of slavery became a problem for Northerners and Southerners… not due to moral differences, but because of questions of representation Southerners wanted to count their entire population of slaves to boost their numbers in Congress. Northerners objected citing that slaves were not considered citizens and could not vote.

It was decided that three fifths (3/5 th) of a slave population in a It was decided that three fifths (3/5 th) of a slave population in a state would be counted during a census. This agreement was referred to as the Three. Fifths Compromise. For example, if a state had 5, 000 slaves, 3, 000 of them would be counted towards population

Regarding slavery importation, each side agreed to compromise and it was decided that the Regarding slavery importation, each side agreed to compromise and it was decided that the slave trade would continue for 20 years… years after that, Congress could regulate the slave trade. In 1808, the United 1808 States banned the importation of slaves, slaves but did not end slavery.

After resolving a series of important issues, the United States Constitution was completed on After resolving a series of important issues, the United States Constitution was completed on September 17, 1787 and read to the convention for the last time

At the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention a woman approached Benjamin Franklin and asked, At the conclusion of the Constitutional Convention a woman approached Benjamin Franklin and asked, “Well, Doctor… what have we a got, a republic or a monarchy? ” Franklin replied, “A republic. If you can keep it. ” Library of Congress

Ratifying the Constitution In the Constitution, Article 7 states: 9 Out of the 13 Ratifying the Constitution In the Constitution, Article 7 states: 9 Out of the 13 colonies must agree to ratify the Constitution in order for it to be effective. However, there were still many Americans who remembered the tyranny of the king and were fearful that the Framers simply created a new government that masked the power of a strong federal government – these people were know as Anti. Federalists

Anti – Federalists Anti-Federalists were colonists typically, non-wealthy, who feared the power of a Anti – Federalists Anti-Federalists were colonists typically, non-wealthy, who feared the power of a new strong national government. They were also concerned there was no Bill of Rights listed in the Constitution. This Bill of Rights would be SPECIFIC rights given to each citizen which the federal government would protect and can’t take away.

Federalists were people who wanted the new Constitution to be ratified by each state. Federalists were people who wanted the new Constitution to be ratified by each state. The Federalist Papers: 85 Essays written in newspapers all over the states in support of ratifying the Constitution These writers included: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & John Jay

9 states approved of the new Constitution in 1788 and all 13 had formally 9 states approved of the new Constitution in 1788 and all 13 had formally adopted it by 1789.

A REPUBLIC is a nation in which voters elect /vote for representatives to govern A REPUBLIC is a nation in which voters elect /vote for representatives to govern the whole population. The Constitution begins “We the people…” which exemplifies the American desire to have a government controlled by the people

December 15, 1791 The Bill of Rights are ratified/added to the Constitution December 15, 1791 The Bill of Rights are ratified/added to the Constitution

So in conclusion. . The Constitution lays out: • how the federal government is So in conclusion. . The Constitution lays out: • how the federal government is organized • how leaders are selected • how the leaders are to perform those duties • the limitations of the Federal Government.

Of course, disagreements between the States and the federal government were inevitable To ensure Of course, disagreements between the States and the federal government were inevitable To ensure that disagreements were resolved with greater ease, it was decided that the Constitution would serves as the “Supreme law of the land”. In other words… the Constitution was the final word!

Federalism is the act of dividing government powers between both the federal government and Federalism is the act of dividing government powers between both the federal government and the state governments. The FEDERAL government acts for the nation as a whole. The STATES have power over local matters. We have limited government in that the government is restricted in what it can do and each individual has certain rights.