Biological oxidation
Metabolism
ATP
Energy-rich compounds creatine phosphate phosphoenol pyruvate 1, 3 bisphoglycerate acetyl-Co. A
Substrate level phosphorilation Oxidative phosphorilation ADP + Pi + Energy ATP
Tissue respiration Oxidative phosphorylation С 6 Н 12 О 6 + 6 Н 2 О + 12 А = 6 СО 2 + 12 АН 2 + 6 О 2 = 12 Н 2 О + 12 А С 6 Н 12 О 6 + 6 О 2 = 6 СО 2 + 6 Н 2 О
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Coenzymes of dehydrogenases NAD+ NADP+
NAD+ (oxidized form) NADH + H+ (reduced form)
Coenzymes of dehydrogenases FMN FAD
+ 2 e, + 2 H+ 2 e, 2 H+ FAD (oxidized form) FAD. Н 2 (reduced form)
Mitochondria
Mitochondrial respiratory chain
Composition of the complexes of the respiratory chain Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase): FMN, iron-sulfur protein Fe. S. Сomplex II (succinate dehydrogenase): FAD, Fe. S. Complex III (QH 2 dehydrogenase) cytochrome b and c 1, Fe. S. Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase): cytochrome a and a 3, copper ions.
Structure of cytochrome а и с heme Cytochrome а Cytochrome с
The structure of ATP synthase
Transfer of protons by ATP synthase
ATP synthesis
Chemiosmotic mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation
Peter Dennis Mitchell Nobel Prize, 1978
Conformational coupling hypothesis (P. Boyer, J. Walker) Nobel Prize, 1997
ADP-ATP translocase
Cell energy charge (CEC):
Hypoxia
Uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation
Brown adipose tissue
inner mitochondrial space
Uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation Uncoupling prot ein
Microsomal oxidation RH + O 2 + NADPH + H+ → ROH + H 2 O + NADP+ 1. NADPH-P 450 reductase - cytochrome Р 450. 2. NADH- cytochrome -b 5 reductase, cytochrome b 5, stearoyl-Ко. Аdesaturase Cytochrome Р 450
Microsomal oxidation
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
ROS functions
Lipid peroxidation
Antioxidant defense system Dietary antioxidant nutrients Water soluble (vit C, flavanoids, trace elements (Se, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn)) Lipid soluble carotenoids, tocopherol Endogenous enzymatic antioxidants Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutatione
Antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD) . + 2 Н+ H 2 O 2 + 2 Catalase O 2 2 H 2 O 2 + 2 H 2 О Peroxidase 2 H 2 O 2 2 H 2 О + RO 2
Neutralizing of free radicals by antioxidants
Glutation
Parkinson's Disease Alzheimer disease healthy brain damage
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