Ancient Greece Moscow Medical Academy History of Medicine

Ancient Greece Moscow Medical Academy History of Medicine Department

Historical periods of Greek medicine § § § Cretan- Mycenaean 2000 -3000 B. C. Mythological 11 -9 century B. C. Pre-Hippocratic 8 -6 century B. C. Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. Post-Hippocratic 4 -1 century B. C.

Cretan- Mycenaean Civilization 2000 -3000 B. C. § Centers of Mediterranean civilization: Crete and Mycenae Crete: § Cnossus palace § Wells, drainage town systems, pools, ventilation system § The Snake Goddess (important mother Goddess cult)

Cretan- Mycenaean Civilization 2000 -3000 B. C. § Throne room of Palace of Cnossus (1500 B. C. )

Cretan- Mycenaean Civilization 2000 -3000 B. C. § Painted limestone sarcophagus, Crete (c. 1400 B. C. )

Cretan- Mycenaean Civilization 2000 -3000 B. C. Medical treatment was restricted to external injures and wounds: § Weapons that pierced the body were extracted § Hemorrhage was stopped by bandaging § Pharmaka – the name of drugs, poisons, magical substances

Mythological 11 -9 century B. C. And Pre-Hippocratic 8 -6 century B. C. § Olympian gods: Zeus, Hera, Athena, Orpheus, Artemis, Apollo § Chiron- godhead of medical teachers; his pupils were Achilles and Asclepios (Apollo’s son) § Asclepios - god of healing, his children: sons Machaon and Podalirios became patron gods of surgeon and physicians § daughters Hygeia and Panacea became goddess of health and remedies

Mythological 11 -9 century B. C. And Pre-Hippocratic 8 -6 century B. C. § Apollo patron deity of medicine, was father of Asclepios

Mythological 11 -9 century B. C. And Pre-Hippocratic 8 -6 century B. C.

Mythological 11 -9 century B. C. And Pre-Hippocratic 8 -6 century B. C. § God of healing Asclepios and his daughter Hygeia goddess of health

Mythological 11 -9 century B. C. And Pre-Hippocratic 8 -6 century B. C. § Centers of medicine and treatment were Temples of Asclepios § Temple included area for theatre, stadium, spa area

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. § Healing was family tradition § A family-school accepted more members from another families § There were 6 main medical schools in that time: Cos-school, Rodosian- school, Kirenian-school, Crotonian-school, Sicilian-school and Cnidian-school

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. Cnidian-school: Doctor: Eurifon Explained mechanism of illness in term of four basic humors: blood, phlegm, bile yellow and black Treatise about symptoms of disease and method’s of diagnosis

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. § § Sicilian-school Doctor: Empedokles The teaching: four basic elements (water, air, fire and earth) with specific quality (moist, dry, hot and cold) § heart is main organ of living

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. § Cos-school § Doctors: Hippocrates and Praxagoras § Teaching: § four humors § Physis - internal human nature § healing has to assist the nature

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. § Hippocratic writings: § Physiology: the four humors corresponding to the four elements are physiological base of body function § General pathology: causes of illness internal and from outside. Disease has three stages: degeneration of humors, cooking process and crisis § Therapy: Doctor must assists nature in doing the cure

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. § § § Hippocratic writings: Prognosis after examination the patient Surgery: described wounds of skull and it’s treatment; hemorrhage is controlled by compression; tumors, fistulas, ulcers and hemorrhoids are among the diseases treated by surgery § Ethics and the Oath

Hippocratic 6 -4 century B. C. § § § The Hippocratic method Observe all Study the patient rather than disease Evaluate honestly Assist nature

Post-Hippocratic 4 -1 century B. C. § § § Medical centre at Alexandria Doctors: Herophilos and Erasistratos Heropohilos: discovers about human anatomy (various part of brain, the intestinal tract, the lymphatic, the liver, the genital organs, the eye). § Erasistratos: differentiated between sensory and motor nerves, described the trachea, the heart

Medicine in Roman Times

Roman times aqueducts – grate technical constructions

Roman times Lead pipe, which brought water into the dwelling Interior courtyard of the Hose of Faun, one of the richly decorated houses in Pompeii

Roman times Reconstruction of the Baths of Caracalla

Roman times § Woman playing a kithara, fresco from a villa near Pompeii

Roman times § A portrait of the medical encyclopedist Cornellius Celsus § He was not a doctor but his detailed descriptions suggest acquaintance with surgical procedure

Roman times § Galenus (129 -200) was a grates doctor of ancient medicine

Galenus § He made theoretical explanations for each functions of the body § Anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, therapy, hygiene, dietetics and philosophy were subjects of his work

Roman times

Roman times

Roman times - Temples of Asclepios where Galenus worked