1900 — Karl Landsteiner discovers blood

• 1900 - Karl Landsteiner discovers blood groups • 1940 - Karl Landsteiner discovers Rhesus

• Blood type is basically absence or presence of different antigen proteins on the surface of erythrocytes (red cells) and antibodies in blood plasma.

• What they all have in common, though, is that scientists of today have no idea of why and how blood types occurred and developed. • They have no evident functions, except getting in the way of blood transfusions.

• Blood Type A (II) is 20 million years old, it came to us from deep monkey age. It has antigen A and resists antigen B. • Blood Type B (III) is 3, 5 million years old, it occurred as a mutation of Type A. It has antigen B and resists antigen A.

• Blood Type 0 (I) is 2, 5 million years old, it supposedly occurred because malaria virus latched itself easily to the existing antigen and killed the cell. Type 0 has no AB antigen, so it’s universal donor blood. And it’s world’s most common type. • Blood Type AB (IV) is the youngest in pack, it emerged after Type 0. It has both A and B antigens, so it can accept any blood, but it’s useless as donor blood.

• Rhesus or Rh factor isn’t a sugar, but a variety (50 different kinds) of complex proteins, found in erythrocyte membrane. 90% people have most them, but around 10% people don’t. • Allegedly Rh factor is connected to diseases carried by cats, so nations and regions, where cats were not known, had no such an antigen

• Unlike blood type ABO, Rhesus difference will provoke immunity reaction between mother and her child

• What’s your blood type? • Have you ever done blood transfusion? • What do you think was the reason blood types occurred?

• 14 May 1796 Edward Jenner tests vaccine

• First patient of Jenner was James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy. He was vaccinated against smallpox and experimentally proved to be immune to the disease after it. • Less than 2 centuries after, in 1979, smallpox was announced as a fully eradicated disease.

Do you think vaccination is good or bad? Why?

Is vaccination mandatory in Ukraine? Have you been vaccinated?

1. PRO vs CON • Vaccines can save children's lives. • Vaccines can cause serious and sometimes fatal side effects.

2. PRO vs CON • Vaccines contain harmful ingredients. • The ingredients in vaccines are safe in the amounts used.

3. PRO vs CON • Vaccines eradicated smallpox and have nearly eradicated other diseases such as polio. • Most diseases that vaccines target are relatively harmless in many cases, thus making vaccines unnecessary.

4. PRO vs CON • Major medical organizations state that vaccines are safe. • The pharmaceutical companies, FDA, and CDC should not be trusted to make and regulate safe vaccines

5. PRO vs CON • Vaccines provide economic benefits for society. • The government should not intervene in personal medical choices.

6. PRO vs CON • Vaccines protect future generations. • Mandatory vaccines infringe upon constitutionally protected religious freedoms.

7. PRO vs CON • Vaccines protect the "herd“, providing shield for unvaccinated people. • Vaccines are unnatural, and natural immunity is more effective than vaccination.

• About 30, 000 cases of adverse reactions to vaccines have been reported annually to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System since 1990, with 10 -15% classified as serious, meaning associated with permanent disability, hospitalization, life-threatening illness, or death.

• The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated that 732, 000 American children were saved from death and 322 million cases of childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination.

• 24 -day, 240 -mile Salt March began on March 12, 1930

• The manufacture of salt in India was a government monopoly established in 1882. • Though salt could be obtained from the sea, it was a crime for any Indian to possess salt without having purchased it from the government. • This ensured that the government could collect a salt tax.

• On March 2, 1930, Gandhi ( the leader of the Indian National Congress) wrote a letter to Vice -roy Lord Irwin. • Beginning with “Dear Friend, ” Gandhi went on to explain why he viewed British rule as a “curse” and outlined some of the more flagrant abuses of the administration. • Gandhi warned that unless the viceroy was willing to make changes, he was going to begin a massive program of civil disobedience.

• Salt, sodium chloride (Na. Cl), was an important staple in India. • Vegetarians, as many Hindus were, needed to add salt to food for their health since they did not get much salt naturally from their food. • Salt was often needed for religious ceremonies. • Salt also was used for its power to heal, preserve food, disinfect, and embalm. • All of this made salt a powerful emblem of resistance.

• 61 -year-old Mohandas Gandhi led an ever-growing group of followers from the Sabarmati Ashram to the Arabian Sea.

• Upon arriving at the beach on the morning of April 6, 1930, Gandhi reached down and scooped up a lump of salt and held it high. • This was the beginning of a countrywide boycott of the salt tax

• In all, about 90, 000 Indians (including Ghandi) were arrested between April and December 1930. • In January 1931 the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed and Indians were let to own and make their own salt. • Eventually – but indirectly - this caused the fall of the British rule over India in 1947.

• Have you heard about Gandhi's March before? How was it different from other protests? • Have you ever protested against anything? Did it help? • Is it good or bad to protest against the current rules or laws? Why?

• Why is boycott called boycott? • What is the purpose of a trade union? • Why do some people think it's a bad thing to follow other people?

• Are there any criticisms of Gandhi that you know of? • Why do you think Gandhi never won the Nobel Peace Prize? • Gandhi believed people should lead as simple a life as possible. Do you think people can do this today?

• What does it take to be a respectable leader and lead people? • Are you a good leader? Do you think other people would follow your lead? • Why is good leadership important?

• What is the most important thing a leader must remember about leadership? • Have you ever been in positions of leadership? • Who in the world do you think possesses the greatest leadership skills?

• Is there always stress with leadership? • Does leadership exist in a romantic partnership? • Do you think people with no leadership skills have a more or less happy life?

• Is leadership an art or a science?

• On February 18, 1930, Clyde W. Tombaugh, an assistant at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, • discovered Pluto.

• American astronomer Percival Lowell first thought there might be another planet somewhere near Neptune and Uranus. • He noticed that the gravitational pull of something large was affecting the orbits of those two planets.

• However, despite looking for what he called "Planet X" from 1905 until his death in 1916, Lowell never found it. • Thirteen years later, the Lowell Observatory (founded in 1894 by Percival Lowell) decided to recommence Lowell's search for Planet X. • It took a year of research and a powerful telescope to find it.

• On what would have been Percival Lowell's 75 th birthday, March 13, 1930, the Observatory publicly announced to the world that a new planet had been discovered.

• 11 -year-old Venetia Burney from Oxford, England, offered to call Planet X “Pluto”. • The name mentions both the assumed unfavorable surface conditions (as Pluto was the Roman god of the underworld) and also honors Percival Lowell, as Lowell's initials make up the first two letters of the planet's name.

• Pluto was the smallest planet of the Solar system (2/3 rds of Moon) and the only planet whose orbit actually crossed that of another planet (Neptune)

• In 2003 they found another planet further from the sun that looked a lot like Pluto. And there are many more similar dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt. • The main criterion of having the planet status, still, is the ability to sweep own orbit from the debris and junk, which Pluto is not the best at, since it’s both small and very slow.

• It takes Pluto 248 years just to make one orbit around the sun, so between it started being looked for in 1905 and losing its planet status in 2006 he didn’t even make half a round.

• In 2015 Pluto had a real peak of popularity, because finally its pictures were made in good quality. • The New Horizons mission reached Pluto in July 2015, but it still will take several months into late 2016 to send all the data it gathered during a few day fly-by. Because data has to fly 3 billion miles of space for 1, 000 bits per second.

• Have you ever wanted to travel into space? • What drives people to travel to other worlds? • In your language, are chocolate bars and cars named after parts of our solar system?

• Have you followed the Pluto popularity on the internet? What do you remember the most? • Why do you think so many people were so eager to see the hi-def color pictures of Pluto? What made it so popular? • What other planets of the Solar System you know? Which would you like to see?

1930 Auguste Piccard makes the first balloon gondola to reach stratosphere

On 27 May 1931 Piccard and his assistant, Paul Kipfer, reached a record of 15, 785 m in a pressurised aluminium capsule attached to a large hydrogen balloon.

• Piccard wanted to measure the activity of cosmic rays and investigate Einstein's theory of relativity.

• The thing that stood out was that everything seemed to go wrong, right from the get-go. Kipfer looked out of the window while they were doing a final check and he could see chimneys going past – they had already taken off. And then there was the leak, the spilled mercury and the bit when they nearly asphyxiated because they didn't have enough air. It was a catalogue of terrifying lurches from one catastrophe to another

• Would you like to experience such a trip? • Why do you think people agree to such adventures? • Is it better to travel or to arrive?

• What was the most difficult travel in your life? • Have you ever launched any balloons? • Is it hard these days to make a video of Earth from the balloon? Have you ever tried?

• Nuclear Epoch

• 1931 Harold Urey discovers Deuterium

• Deuterium is a “heavy” hydrogen with one neutron in the nucleus.

• Most of deuterium was produced during Big Bang 13, 8 billion years ago • In universe the average ratio is about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms • Earth has 156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms

• It is believed to prove theory, that Earth oceans were formed by comets (solar activity enhances the isotope separation in ice of comets, producing deuterium).

• 1932 Ernest Lawrence of the University of California, Berkeley first operates a 27 -inch Cyclotron

• The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a static magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly varying (radio frequency) electric field • Cyclotron is used to produce radio nuclides by hitting particles with each other

• 1932 James Chadwick discovers neutron

• The work was done based on Ernest Rutherford’s work and discovery of a proton in 1917, and under his personal leadership.

• In 1932 John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton (under Rutherford’s leadership) bombarded Lithium with high energy neutrons, electrons and protons and succeeded in transmuting it into Helium

• Have you heard about a theory that water on Earth is cometbrought? What do you think about it? • Where do the comets come from?

• What do you know about Big Bang? • What’s the difference between proton and neutron? • Why do scientists collide particles?

Aircon

• 1902 Willis Carrier invents the first electrical air conditioning

• It was designed to control the humidity in his New York publishing house. It helped the ink to dry faster and smudge-free and kept the paper from expanding and contracting.

• 1914 first air conditioner installed at home • The unit in the Minneapolis mansion of Charles Gates is approximately 7 feet high, 6 feet wide, 20 feet long and possibly never used because no one ever lived in the house.

• 1928 Thomas Midgley, Jr. discovers Freon (chlorofluorocarbon)

• Freons consist of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine (hence the name chlorofluorocarbon). • They are used as solvents (dissolvers) , propellants and refrigerants. • Production of Freons is restricted since they actively deplete Ozone layer

• How freon works?

• 1931 Schultz and J. Q. Sherman creates the first modern-type air conditioning, the window room air conditioners available from 1932

Invention of air conditioning has greatly invested to migration into Sun Belt regions and settling the tropical regions of the earth

• Does Ukraine belong to a Sun Belt place? • What kinds of aircons do you know? Which are most popular these days?

• Do you have an air conditioner at home? • How often do you use it? • Do you catch an aircon cold often? Why does it happen?

• Do you think people in tropical countries use air conditioning a lot? • Have you ever been to a place where you wouldn’t be able to survive without air conditioner?

• What temperature is comfortable for you to stay or work in? • Why are conditioners bad for environment? Is it safe to use them?

• 1932 An American George G. Blaisdell founded Zippo Manufacturing Company

• He created his first new lighter in 1933, drawing the idea from the Austrian lighter produced by IMCO

• Zipper and Zippo sounded very modern to the American ear and thus Blaisdell decided to use it • Lighter became increasingly popular among the soldiers in the WW 2, and after it. Many advertisement campaigns and legends brought it fame and glory.

Over 500, 000 Zippo lighters have been produced Since 1933 The anniversary lighter was made in 2012. These days because of nonsmoking campaign Zippo produces everything from watch to clothes

• Zippo is famous for being windproof Until very recently most of the campers favored it or matches or other fire sources • It runs on 50 -50% mix of 93 octane gasoline with acetone which you can even mix at home